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Apologia Biology vocab > Module 4 > Flashcards

Module 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

The Cell theory states what 3 things?

A

All living organisms are composed of cells. They may be unicellular or multicellular.

The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in living organisms.

Cells arise from existing cells.

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2
Q

Cytology

A

The study of cells

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3
Q

Ingestion

A

The ability to take in nutrients; this includes absorption, which is the ability to bring dissolved materials into the cell

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4
Q

Digestion

A

The ability to break food or nutrients down into simpler forms (by hydrolysis or with the help of enzymes) so it can be utilized

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5
Q

Respiration

A

The ability to release energy from the breakdown of food molecules

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6
Q

Transport

A

The ability to distribute or circulate molecules from one part of a cell to another

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7
Q

Homeostasis

A

The ability to maintain internal stability (also known as regulation)

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8
Q

Synthesis

A

The ability to combine simple compounds into complex molecules (same as biosynthesis discussed in Module 2)

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9
Q

Secretion

A

The ability to release biosynthesized substances

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10
Q

Excretion

A

The ability to remove soluble metabolic waste from the cell

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11
Q

Egestion

A

The ability to remove nonsoluble, undigested waste from the cell

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12
Q

Irritability

A

The ability to respond to stimuli

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13
Q

Movement

A

The ability to move

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14
Q

Reproduction

A

The ability to produce more cells

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15
Q

Organelle

A

A tiny cellular structure that carries out a specific function necessary for the cell to survive

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16
Q

Prokaryotic cell

A

A cell that has no nucleus or other distinct, membrane-bound organelles

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17
Q

Eukaryotic cell

A

A cell with a membrane-bound nucleus and other distinct, membrane-bound organelles

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18
Q

Plasma membrane

A

The semipermeable membrane between the cell contents and the cell’s surroundings

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19
Q

Cytoplasm

A

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

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20
Q

Cytoplasmic streaming

A

The motion of cytoplasm in a cell that results in a coordinated movement of the cell’s content

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21
Q

Ribosomes

A

Non-membrane-bound organelles responsible for protein synthesis

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22
Q

Middle lamella

A

The thin film between the cell walls of adjacent plant cells

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23
Q

Nuclear membrane

A

A highly porous membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm

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24
Q

Chromatin

A

Long strands of clusters of DNA and proteins (or RNA and proteins) in the nucleus of a cell

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25
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

An organelle composed of an extensive network of folded membranes that performs several tasks within a cell

26
Q

Rough ER

A

ER that is dotted with ribosomes

27
Q

Smooth ER

A

ER that has no ribosomes

28
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

The organelles where proteins and lipic are stored and then modified to suit the needs of the cell

29
Q

Vacuole

A

Larger membrane-bound organelle used for storage of food, water, or waste

30
Q

Vesicle

A

Smaller membrane-bound organelle used mainly for transport of food, waste, or products synthesized for secretion

31
Q

Secretory vesicle

A

Vesicle that holds products of biosynthesis (like proteins) and transports them to the plasma membrane for secretion

32
Q

Central vacuole

A

A large vacuole that rests at the center of most plant cells and is filled water

33
Q

Lysosome

A

The organelle in animal cells responsible for hydrolysis reactions that break down proteins, carbohydrates (polysaccharides, disaccharides), and some lipids

34
Q

Peroxisome

A

A cell organelle containing enzymes that catalyze the decomposition of fatty acids and hydrogen peroxide

35
Q

Mitochondria

A

Double-membrane-bound organelles in which nutrients are converted to energy

36
Q

Plastids

A

Double-membrane-bound organelles found in the cells of plants, algae, and some protozoa, generally involved in either the manufacture or storage of food

37
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Plastids containing the green pigment, chlorophyll, used in photosynthesis

38
Q

Chromoplasts

A

Plastids containing yellow, orange, or red pigments used in photosynthesis

39
Q

Leucoplasts

A

Nonpigmented plastids that store starches or oils

40
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement

41
Q

Microfilaments

A

Fine, threadlike proteins found in the cell’s cytoskeleton

42
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Threadlike proteins in the cell’s cytoskeleton that are roughly twice as thick as microfilaments

43
Q

Microtubules

A

Spiral strands of protein molecules that form a tubelike structure

44
Q

Centrioles

A

Paired organelles (positioned at right angles to each other) that organize fibers required for cell division; found in animal cells

45
Q

Centrosome

A

A small region near the nucleus that is the main organizing site for microtubules; in animal cells it contains the two centrioles

46
Q

Semipermeable membrane

A

A membrane that allows some molecules to pass through but does not allow other molecules to pass through

47
Q

Passive transport

A

Movement of molecules through the plasma membrane without the need for energy input

48
Q

Active transport

A

Movement of molecules through the plasma membrane aided by a process that requires energy input

49
Q

Concentration

A

A measurement of how much solute exists within a certain volume of solvent

50
Q

Concentration gradient

A

The difference in the concentration of like molecules in two areas, like on each side of a plasma membrane

51
Q

Diffusion

A

The random motion of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (with a concentration gradient) until its concentration becomes equal throughout the area (reaches equilibrium)

52
Q

Osmosis

A

The diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane from an area of high water concentration (low solute concentration)

53
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

A solution that has a low solute concentration (and so a high water concentration) relative to another solution

54
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

A solution that has a high solute concentration (and so a low water concentration) relative to another solution

55
Q

Isotonic solution

A

A solution that has the same solute concentration (and water concentration) relative to another solution

56
Q

Plasmolysis

A

Collapse of a walled cell’s cytoplasm due to a lack of water

57
Q

Cytolysis

A

The rupturing of a cell due to excess internal pressure

58
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

The movement of certain molecules across a cell membrane through protein channels from high concentration to low concentration

59
Q

Endocytosis

A

The process of moving particles into the cell by means of vesicles forming from the cell membrane

60
Q

Exocytosis

A

The process of moving particles out of the cell by means of vesicle membranes fusing with the cell membrane

61
Q

Phagocytosis

A

The endocytic process by which a cell engulfs large, solid particles or cells

62
Q

Pinocytosis

A

The endocytic process by which a cell absorbs extracellular fluid containing dissolved particles

Apologia Biology vocab (16 decks)

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