Module 4 Flashcards
EARLY PHILIPPINE POLITIES - FACING CHANGES (1565-1872)
When was the first recorded Spanish settlement?
1565
What 2 events sparked the revolution movement in 1872?
Cavite Mutiny → GOMBURZA execution
European Age of Exploration & “Discovery”
Which countries were rising in maritime power in 15th - 16th century
Spain & Portugal
What was the motivation for the European exploration?
acquire trading routes/relationship w/ Spice Islands
What were the Spice Islands?
Maluku, Moluccas
What was the reason why Spain & Portugal cannot pass through Silk Road?
Spain & Portugal had religious conflicts with the Ottoman Empire
What was the direction of Portugal’s route to Spiced Islands?
Southeastern
When did Portugal arrive in Malacca?
1488
proceeded to control its strait
What strait did Portugal control for trading?
Malacca strait
What was the direction of Spain’s route to Spiced Islands?
West/southwestern
When did Spain fell in West Indies?
1942
Where did Spain unexpectedly landfell in 1942?
West Indies
What was used to manage spheres of influence of Spain & Portugal?
Demarcation Line
How was the first Demarcation Line set?
a hundred leagues from Spain into west of Cape Verde Islands
What and when was the first treaty for the demarcation line set?
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
What countries were in Portugal and Spain according to the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)?
Portugal: East(south asia, sea)
Spain: West (north and south america)
What and when was the second treaty for the demarcation line set?
Treaty of Zaragoza (1529)
What changed in the Treaty of Zaragoza (1529)?
move line 370 leagues west
Brazil → Portugal (new world)
What was the reason for the Treaty of Zaragoza (1529)
Magellan’s discovery of PH (alternative route to Spice Islands)
What were the Spanish Expeditions towards PH?
Magellan-Elcano (1518 - 1521)
Loaisa (1525)
Cabot (1526)
Saavedra (1527)
Villalobos (1542 - 1546)
Legazpi (1564)
What and when was the first Spanish expedition to the PH archipelago?
Magellan - Elcano (1518 - 1521)
What is Ferdinand Magellan’s nationality? Why did he travel for Spain?
be specific
Portuguese native
turned to Spanish Crown for fund - King Charles V
Sailing westward to Moluccas (shorter) → rejected by King of Portugal
Where did the Magellan-El Cano Expedition first land?
Limasawa
What was the significant event in Limasawa?
first Catholic Mass
Where did Magellan continue after arriving in Limasawa? Who did he face?
Cebu
Lapu-Lapu
What was Lapu Lapu known for?
1st national hero
first native to resist colonization
What happened in the Battle of Mactan
Lapu-lapu’s forces defeated Magellan’s
Magellan’s demise
What led to Magellan’s demise?
Battle of Mactan
died in war
Who led the first expedition back to Spain after Magellan died?
Sebastian El Cano
Who was Sebastian El Cano?
First to circumnavigate the world along with other survivors
What ship survived the Magellan-El Cano Expedition?
Victoria
Who chronicled and documented the Magellan-El Cano Expedtion?
Antonio Pigafetta
Who is Antonio Pigafetta? What was his work?
Italian scholar and explorer
First Voyage Around the World
What was the direction of Magellan-El Cano’s expedition?
Westward
When was the Villalobos Expedition ?
1532 - 1546
Who led the Villalobos expedition?
Ruy de Villalobos
How many people were led by Ruy de Villalobos?
6 ships & 370 men
When did the Vilallobos Expedition depart and from where?
Mexico (November 1542)
What was Spain’s connection with Mexico?
Spain’s colony in America from 1565 - 1821
When and where in the Philippines did the Villalobos Expedition land?
eastern coast of Mindanao (1543)
What did Ruy de Villalobos & his men do once they reached Philippines?
Attempt to set up colony in Sarangani
What was Villalobos’s contribution to the PH?
Introduction of foreign crop (corn)
Why did Villalobos and his men eventually left PH?
due to extreme hunger and brute force from Portuguese in Maluku (Malay)
Resorted to eating dogs, cats, and rats
Who was Bernardo de la Torre?
one of the Villalobos’s commander
named Las Phelipinas
What part of the Philippines did Bernardo de la Torre name?
Tandaya/Kandaya (Leyte)
When and what did the Bernardo de la Torre name PH? For what reason?
Las Phelipinas (1543)
in honor of Prince Philip II
Who named Tandaya/Kanda Leyte as Las Phelipinas (1543)?
Bernardo de la Torre
When was the Legazpi-Urdaneta expedition?
1564
Who led the Legazpi-Urdaneta expedition?
Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
How many people was led by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi?
4 vessels & about 350 men
What happened when Miguel Lopez de Legazpi reached Cebu?
entered a blood compact (Sanduguan)
When and where did Legazpi, Si Katunaw, and Si Gala did the Sanduguan?
1565
Cebu
Who did Miguel Lopez de Legazpi enter a a blood compact with?
from where
Si Katunaw and Si Gala from Bohol
What was the Sanduguan for?
alliance and cooperation
What was the first Spanish town in PH?
Villa de San Miguel
What name replaced Villa de San Miguel? For what reason
Ciudad del Santissimo Nombre de Jesus
in honor of Santo Nino of Cebu
What were the specific instructions from Philip II for the Legazpi-Urdaneta expedition?
Bring back samples of PH-grown spices (alternative spices) to Mexico
Discover return route Mexico (through Pacific)
Not proceed to Maluku
What were the Legazpi-Urdaneta expedition not allowed to proceed to Maluku?
(under Portugese)
Treaty of Zaragosa
Who fulfilled the 2nd instruction from Philip II ?
Fr. Andres de Urdaneta
the chief pilot
What route was discovered as the return route Mexico which traversed the Pacific?
Urdaneta Passage
Why was the Urdaneta Passage only useable on certain months
Used seasonal winds (Kuroshio current) - dependent on months for seasons
What route was used by Galleon ships?
Urdaneta Passage
Why did Legazpi sent an exploratory mission towards the North? Who led this mission?
to find richer and fertile lands to settle
Spearheaded by de Martin de Goiti
What lands did the mission of Martin de Goiti reached but did not stay in? Why?
Panay Island & Negros - resources weren’t abundant
What place was abundant in resources did Martin de Goiti proceeded to?
Manila
What battle ensued once Spanish forces reached Manila?
Battle of Bangkusay
Where did the Battle of Bangkusay happen?
mouth of Pasig River
Who led the exising Islamic/Moro polities before the establishment of the Spanish city of Manila?
Rajahs Sulayman/Soliman, Lakandula and Matanda of Maynila and Tondo
Why did the Battle of Bangkusay happened?
Resistance of some forces though some cooperated - to establish peace
What the site of Fort Santiago before?
Sultanate of Manila
How did the Spanish defeated the natives in the Battle of Bangkusay?
canons
When was Manila established? What was its complete name?
1571
ciudad de Manila
What was Manila known as?
La insigne y siempre leal ciudad
“Distinguished and ever loyal city
Who was the first governor general of Manila? What was his title specifically?
Legazpi
Adelantado de Filipinas
“advanced general”
When did the construction of Intramuros, the walled city, start?
1571
What is the meaning of Intramuros? What did this mean?
“within the walls”
what was considered Manila only
extramuros - not manila
What was the council of clergies in Manila? What was its role for the city?
Synode of Manila
joining of church and state
What was the aim of Spain in conquering the PH? Be specific
3 Gs
God, Gold, Glory
What did Gold mean in Spain’s conquest ?
establishment of trading presence in Far East
What did God mean in Spain’s conquest ?
evangelization of the Christian faith in Asia
What did Glory mean in Spain’s conquest ?
expansion of its imperial rule
What was Spain’s method in conquering PH? How did it work?
Divide and rule / divide et impera
forming alliances (ie Si Katuna in Cebu, Macabebes) & battles (ie Rajah Suliman)
PH was already divided prior (geographically)
What was the Political Hierarchy of the Spanish Empire?
- El Rey (Spanish Crown)
- Consejo de las Indias (Council of the Indies)
- Viceroyalty of Nueva España (New Spain)
- Gobernador y Capitan-General (Governor and capitan general)
- Corregidor (Corregimiento)
- Alcalde Mayor (Alcadia)
- Gobernadorcillo (little governor)
- Cabeza de barangay
Where was the Consejo de las Indias (Council of the Indies) based ?
Spain
As a vice-real patron, what powers did the Gobernador y Capitan-General (Governor and capitan general) have?
Power over appointments of religious priest and bishops
Right to supervise missions
Where was the Viceroyalty of Nueva España (New Spain) based?
Mexico
Who ruled the PH archipelago under the power of the Spanish Crown
Gobernador y Capitan-General (Governor and capitan general)
Why can be implied due to the fact that Gobernador y Capitan-General was subjected under viceroyalty in Mexico
Spanish Crown indirectly ruled PH through Mexico
What was the 3 roles of a Gobernador y Capitan-General?
Commander-in-chief of the army and navy
President of the Real Audiencia (Supreme Court)
Vice-real patron
What level did the Corregidor (Corregimiento) rule over?
provincial/local level
What level did the Alcalde Mayor (Alcadia) rule over?
provincial/local level
What level did the Gobernadorcillo (little governor) rule over?
Municipal level
What did the Corregidor (Corregimiento) do?
Handle unpacified military zones
What did the Alcalde Mayor (Alcadia) do?
provincial governor for pacified provinces and districts
What was the highest position a Mestizo (Filipino) can be elected?
Gobernadorcillo (little governor)
What was the qualifications for a Gobernadorcillo (little governor)?
25 y.o.
literate in oral & written Spanish
served as a cabeza for 4 years
What was the role of a Cabeza de barangay?
collect taxes
Who was the cabeza de barangays who were conferred by Spanish crown?
former barangay chieftains
What was the task of Spanish-based institution Residencia & Visita?
check exercise of power of Spanish royal officials in PH (abuses, corruption, ensuring faithful, efficient service)
What 2 insitutions were tasked to check the exercise of power of Spanish officials?
Residencia (1501 - 1799) & Visita (1499 - 18th ce)
In Teodoro Agoncillo’s quote, what was the sword’s use?
pacification of Indios
In Teodoro Agoncillo’s quote, what was the cross’s use?
molded natives in Hispanic image
In Teodoro Agoncillo’s quote, what was represented by the cross ?
missions in 1565-1606
Amalgamation of the Church and the State
“En cada fraile tenia el re yen Filipinas un capitan general y un ejercito entero”
“In each friar in the Philippines they had a captain and a whole army.”
Who termed frailocracia & La Soberania Monacal? What do they mean?
Marcelo H. Del Pilar - propagandista
Friarocracy & monastic supremacy
What 2 terms in relation to the Spanish conquest did Marcelo H. Del Pilar come up with? What do they mean?
frailocracia & La Soberania Monacal
“friars control all fundamental forces of society in the PH”
How do the friars utilize the pulpit and confessionals to gain control?
see all the attendees of the mass
extract secrets
How do the friars control the educational system?
own UST and local inspectors of primary schools
What is the meaning of the term, Reduccion?
Resettlement (reducir – to resettle)
Who headed the synode of Manila in 1582?
Fr. Domingo de Salazar, the first bishop of Manila
Who presented the Reduccion plan?
Fr. Juan de Pasencia
What was the aim of the reduccion plan?
regroup scattered Filipino communities into compact, planned, and controlled Spanish cities and town and put them under the influence of the sound of the bell to go to church
What was the phrase in the conditioning of Filipino towns to the bell?
bajo el son de la campana
How did the reduccion plan condition Filipinos to the Spanish crown?
bell associated to Christian church → state → Spanish colonial rule
What was the final goal of a reduccion plan?
Indoctrinating law-abiding citizens of Spanish crown
evangelizing them to be devoted Christians
What system did the reduccion employ? What was its distinguish characteristic?
Plaza complex system with a center that provides essential services a subject will need from birth to death
What establishments at the center of a plaza complex system were needed by Filipinos?
birth - baptism (records like census)
study - schools
taxes - gov buildings
death - anointing of the sin, cemeteries
Hospitals
What are examples of existing Plaza complex systems in the PH?
Intramuros in Manila, Vigan in Ilocos Sur
How was the plaza complex system built according to the social hierarchy?
nearer - more influential, richer
further - more common
Where did the Filipinos who did not undergo the reduccion plan go to?
retreated to the mountains and far-flung areas
Who was the private (encomienda de aprticulares) for Batangas?
Francisco Rodriguez
What were the name of the group of natives who retreated to the mountains and far-flung areas?
Remontados
Cimarrones
ladrones monteses
Lahechores
tulisanes (associated with fugitives)
What was the term encomienda mean?
“encomendar”
to entrust (land to a person - favored or successful in conquest)
What was the Encomienda System for?
grant given by Spanish crown to meritorious Spaniard to exercise control
What were the kinds of encomienda?
- Royal or crown (realenga or encommienda de la real corona)
- Private (encomienda de aprticulares)
- Encomendero
What kind of encomienda is the royal or crown (realenga or encommienda de la real corona)?
Give an example
Lands reserved for crown
included in principal towns
Bagumbayan
Lagyo - present plaza militar
Santa Ana de Sapa
Tondo
Navotas
malabon
Lubao and Betis in Pampanga
What kind of encomienda is the private (encomienda de aprticulares)?
Give example
King’s and Queen’s protege
men who served w/ merit during conquest and pacification campaigns
Who was the private (encomienda de aprticulares) for Pandacan, Sampaloc, Macacabe?
Pedro de Chaves
Who was the private (encomienda de aprticulares) for Bataan?
Juan Esguerra
What was the duty of an encomendero?
keep peace and order
protect from threats
assist missionaries
What was granted for the encomendero ?
impose tribute which are limit and kind set by higher authorities
Inhabitants - pay taxes, tributes (golds, cash, crops)
What did the encomederos do that planted seed of discontent in Filipinos?
they demanded for higher values for personal use which was unjust and unfair
eventually was abolished
What replaced the encomendia system?
alcadia (more political)
What is the meaning of Polo Y Servicios? What was entailed by it?
“pulong” - meeting of persons and things
forced community labor (forcing the natives, and later on the mestizos, to work)
What were the drafted laborers in the encomienda system called?
polistas?
What were polistas obligated to do?
give personal service to community projects (construction and repair)
Who were drafted as polistas?
Filipinos or Chinese male mestizos
males 16 to 60 years old
How many days did the polistas worked for when the Polo Y Servicios started? How about in 1884?
40 days
reduced to 15 days
What were the polistas paid during the 40-day period?
daily at one and a half real
How can a polista be exempted from forced labor?
payment of falla (falta - absence)
Where were most polistas from who worked at a shipyard at Cavite?
Mostly from provinces of Pampanga and Tagalog
What was the consequence of the Polo Y Servicios?
it coincided w/ planting and harvesting seasons which affected their villages
led to a decrease of male population in the are
What were the other names of Galleon Trade?
Acapulco galleon, galleon de Manila or nao de Chin
What was the Galleon Trade?
mercantilist and exclusivist trading and shipment between Spain and the Far East ?
What does mercantilist and exclusivist mean respectively?
value of gold
no natives
What were the transient points for Spain in the Galleon Trade? What were they for?
Acapulco, Mexico
Manila
For unloading and loading goods
What goods were from the Far east?
primarily China and Japan
spices and silk
What goods were from the Western world?
Europe, N and S America
silvers and pillar dollars
What were the 2 ships per year in the Galleon Trade?
Capitana - flagship
Almiranta - admiral ship
1 outgoing, 1 incoming
How long was the roundtrip for the ships of Galleon trade?
approx 200 days (Urdaneta passage)
How was the Galleon Tade exclusivist?
only active Filipino involvement - construction of galleons
Who benefitted from the Galleon Trade?
a small privileged number of Spaniards and
Chinese immigrants who set up retail and small credit business in Parian or Binondo, near the port.
What was the exchange of cultural ideas from Manila to Acapulco?
mango, carabao, cock fighting (started in india), chinese goods (fireworks, gunpowder)
What was the exchange of cultural ideas from Acapulco to Manila?
avocado, guava, moro-moro, moriones, black nazarene (black due to the experience - ship burned)
What elements of Nahuatl (Aztec) seeped into the PH language?
tiyangge, kakaw, tsokolate, tamales, kamatsili
What are some Mexican-borrowed Filipino words?
tuba, hilanhilan, paria
When was the Galleon Trade abolished and why?
1813
it loss profit in 18th century due to industrialization & war with great britain (open trade)
How was open trade different than the Galleon Trade?
merchant → capitalist (pioneered by UK)
free market - not controlled which is opposite to Galleon
What was one fo the solutions to address the loss of Galleon Trade? Who proposed it?
Plan General Economico
Governor General Jose Basco y Vargas
What was the Plan General Economico by Governor General Jose Basco y Vargas?
exploitation of natural resources not for use of locals but for export
What was the downfall of Spain? How did it affect the PH?
independence of Mexico
stronger control to PH
What natural resources were involved in the Plan General Economico?
tobacco, spice plants, cotton silk, indigo, hemp trees
In Plan General Economico, what was the method to revive the Galleon Trade?
cash-crop monopoly
Which cash-crop monopoly was the most successful?
tobacco
When did Jose Basco y Vargas establish the Royal Company of the Philippines?
1785
What was the purpose of the Royal Company of the Philippines?
finance economic plans
provide projects promoting scientific knowledge and technical skills
Why was the Royal Company of the Philippines opposed by the friars?
scientific and technical - contradictory to what is in the educational system (Christian)
When was the Royal Company of the Philippines and abolished? For what reasons?
1834
mismanagement
friar opposition
decrease of interest of merchants
What is meant by “limpieza de sangre”?
purity of the blood; kalinisan ng dugo
Who were at the highest rank of the social class during the Spanish Conquest?
Spanish descents & Christians
How can Indios or natives raise their rank ?
convert to Christians
What did the Spanish call the Muslims of Mindanao and why?
moriscos/moors
Why did the Spanish call Muslims as moriscos/moors?
Derived from previous encounter of Moors in the Iberian Peninsula (15th century)
What was the social class in the Philippines during the Spanish conquest?
Peninsulares
Insulares
Indio
Chinos and Infieles
Who were the Peninsulares?
Spaniards born in Iberian Peninsula
Who were the Insulares?
Spaniards born in PH
Who were the Indios?
Christianized natives?
Who were the Infieles?
non-Christian ethnic groups; remontados
What was PH’s first formal education?
Madrasah
public school attached to Mosque
by Muslims in Mindanao
debunks the idea that Spain introduced “formal education” - euro-centric
When was the Charles V decree introduced?
July 17, 1550
What was the Charles V decree?
teach Spanish to indios in Spanish dominions
Why was the Charles V decree opposed by the friars?
it is limited to elites
How was the Charles V decree in line with Spanish’s aim glory?
Learn alphabet, language, doctrine, customs, policies, and transmit
What was the curriculum to teach Spanish to natives?
3 Rs (reading, writing, arithmetic) + Christian doctrine, vocal and instrumental music, handicrafts
Who were the earliest colegios in PH for?
colegio = schools, not college
exclusive sons of Spaniards
Who established the earliest colegios in the PH?
Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
Dominicans (Order of Preachers)
What colegio was established in 1589 and became a university in 1621?
Colegio Maximo de San Ignacio
What colegio was established in 1589 and became a university in 1621?
Colegio Maximo de San Ignacio
What colegio was established in 1596 and an annex of the Jesuit-run Colegio de Manila?
Colegio de Niños
****
What colegio was established in 1599 in Cebu?
College of San Ildefonso
present day: University of San Carlos
only secondary school outside of Manila
What colegio grew out from Escuela Pia for boys in 1817? What was it converted to?
College of Immaculate Concepcion
converted to Ateneo Municipal de Manila in 1865
What colegio ran from 1865 – 1901 and was the first normal school to train male teachers for primary schools?
Escuela Normal de Maestros de Manila
Who established tertiary education for boys and girls?
Dominicans (Order of Preachers)
What and where was is the colegio that was established in 1611 and is oldest and longest existing university in Asia?
Colegio de Nuestra Señora del Santissimo Rosario
present day UST
original site: Intramuros
converted into a Dominican university in 1645
What colegio opened for orphaned Spanish children in 1620
Seminaro de Niños Huerfanos de San Pedro y San Pablo
present day: College of San Juan de Letran
What colegio for girls ran during 1591 - 1864?
Colegio Santa Pontenciana
What colegio for girls was established in 1632?
Colegio Santa Isabela
**
What colegio for girls is composed of Filipina nuns?
Beaterio de la Compañia de Jesus
Religious of the Virgin Mary
What are beaterios?
Exclusive colegios for daughters of upper-class Spaniards
What colegio was established in 1696?
Santa Catalina de Sena
What colegio was established in 1719?
San Sebastian de Calumpang
Santa Rita College
When was the Educational Decree established?
1863
What was the Educational Decree of 1863 for ?
free compulsory and public funded primary schools & men’s normal school to prepare educators
What was the discrimination regarding the Educational Decree of 1863?
Education was free only for poor pupils
parent’s income - duly certified by gobernadorcillo and approved by priest
What was Rizal’s criticism towards Spanish educational system?
- educational authorities could not provide the simple books on morality, geography and the history of the Philippines in Filipino
- lack of school buildings
- punishments (El Fili)
What was the cause for Early Resistance and Revolt by the natives?
drastic institutional and cultural changes
displacement, abuse, discrimination etc.
Who led the revolt in 1762?
Diego Silang
Ilocano principalia
What was all the early resistances rooted in?
personal concerns and issues
When did the Silang Revolt start? Who was it against?
December 1762
alcalde mayor, Antonio Zabala
When did Diego Silang ally with the British? With who, specifically?
May 1763
governor Dawsonne Drake
When did the British occupy the PH? Where specifically?
1762- 1764
Manila & Cavite
Why was the British successful in overthrowing the Spanish in Intramuros?
Went through the thinnest wall (Bagumbayan) and invaded plaza militar
What title was granted title to Diego durihng the British occupation?
Don Diego Silang
Maestro de Campo General y Teniente de Justicia Mayor
Who took over the revolt after Diego Silang?
Maria Josefa Gabriel Silang
**
How did Diego Silang die?
assassinated by Miguel Vicos (bribed by Catholic church)
