Module 3 Flashcards
EARLY PHILIPPINE POLITIES - ARRIVAL OF ISLAM (1000 BC - 1565)
Political Set-Up
Origin of Barangay Term
specify culture and country
maritime culture
balanghai/balanghay (Malay) - a boat used to transport to shores
Political Set-Up
What is the typical size of a barangay? Why?
30 - 100 families (size of the barangay = how many can ride a boat)
Political Set-Up
What kind of state can be related to a barangay? Why?
State of Anarchy
No national or central government as proved by the multiplicity of barangays
Political Set-Up
What is the Chieftain of each independent barangay called?
Datu/Rajah
title to adopt → depende sa leader
Political Set-up
Where did the name Rajah come from?
Indianization
What cultures did the PH adopt from merchants?
Indianization
Sinicization - Sino - China
Islamization
Political Set-Up
What is the primary duty of Datu/Rajah?
2
rule and govern subjects
promote their welfare and interest
Political Set-Up
What is the social contract between the Datu/Rajah and their barangay?
surrender power to Datu/Rajah for protection in return
Political Set-Up
What government functions does the Datu/Rajah do?
All (Executive, Legislator, Judge)
Supreme Commander
in times of war
Political Set-Up
What are the differences between Barangays by datu leadership before and the PH government now?
2
Barangays by datu leadership → not centrally ruled nor based on abstract principles or institutions
Political Set-Up
How did barangays formed networks?
personal loyalties and marriage alliances
Political Set-Up
What did Datu/Rajah need to form alliances?
personal achievement and diplomatic skills
In pre-colonial period what was warfare about?
seizing slaves/dependents
Political Set-Up
What are the political units of Muslim communities?
Sultanato and Sultanate
Political Set-Up
Who headed a Sultanato ?
Sultan
Political Set-Up
What do you call the advisors of a Sultan?
Ruma Bichara (council of trusted advisors)
Political Set-Up
What are some prominent Sultans?
Maguindanao and Sulu, Manila (sultans from Sultanate of Brunei)
Social Classes
What was the Pre-Colonial Social Heirarchy?
Nobles
Freemen
Dependent
Social Classes
What differs from the general classification of social classes in PH to other countries?
there was mobility in the PH, you can change ranks
Social Classes
Who was the Nobles? What did they have?
Chiefs + family
Highest - greatest influence and many rights
Social Classes
Nobles in Tagalog
Gat or Lakan
Gat - national heroes
Social Classes
Who was the Freemen? What did they have?
Earned freedom from being dependents
Social Classes
Freemen in Tagalog
maharlikas /mahadlikas
Social Classes
Freemen in Visayas
Timawas
Social Classes
How does a Dependent acquire their status?
5
Inheritance
Captivity in war
Failing to pay debt
Purchase (was bought)
Committing a crime
criminal (decided from boiling hot oil)
Social Classes
Dependents in Tagalog
Alipin
Social Classes)
Kinds of Alipin (Dependents in Tagalog)
Aliping Namamahay
Aliping Sagigilid
Social Classes
What does the Aliping Sagigilid have?
3
No property
Lived with master
Cannot marry without master’s consent
Social Classes
What does the Aliping Namamahay have?
2 and specify
Has own family and house
Serves master when needed (plantation, harvest season, house construction, etc.)
Social Classes
Dependents in Visayas
uripon
Social Classes
Kinds of Uripon (Dependents in Visayas)
Tumataban
Tumarampuk
Ayuey
Social Classes
When does the Tumataban work?
Works when summoned
Social Classes
When does the Tumarampuk work?
1 day/week
Social Classes
When does the Ayuey work?
3 days/week
Gender
There were customary laws that gave women equal rights as men. What rights were they allowed through this?
Inheriting property
Engaging in trade and industry
Succeeding as chieftain (if no male heir)
Gender
What are Babaylans in Visayan?
Katalonans
Gender
Pre-colonial women who had equal, and even greater rights than men
Babaylan
Gender
How did Babaylans became evidence for pre-colonial non-binary identites?
Cross-dressing
men can be babaylans as long as they dress feminine
Gender
What do Babaylans do?
Spiritual leaders (communicate with spirits)
manggagamot
Gender
Who were the Binukots?
Daughter of rulers who were kept hidden to preserve their beauty
Gender
What were the roles of a Binukot?
To be wed to other chieftain’s sons (for diplomatic ties)
Oral historians (Memorize epics and narrate it to the next)
Spiritual/Religious Beliefs
What was the pre-colonial belief about death?
immortality of soul and life after death
Spiritual/Religious Beliefs
What was the animistic belief? Why did they have this belief?
Seeing and worshiping divinity in the surrounding environment
Divinity had power to give life or bring harm so mortals have to pray to the spirits (most powerful)
Spiritual/Religious Beliefs
How were rituals based?
According to belief and ranking
Spiritual/Religious Beliefs
Creator of earth and man (ranking deity)
God of Agriculture
Goddess of Harvest
Bathalang Maykapal
Idiyanale
Lalahon
Spiritual/Religious Beliefs
War God
Fire God
God of Hell
God of the Other World
Mandarangan
Agni
Siginarugan
Magwayen
Agni - Indianization
Spiritual/Religious Beliefs
God of Breath
Rainbow God
God of Love
Sidapa
Balangaw
Diyan Masalanta
Languages/Systems of Writing
Why were the Pre-Colonial Writing perishable? What materials did they use?
Barks, Bamboo Tubes, Leaves
Knives, Daggers, Pointed Sticks or Irons
Colored Saps
Languages/Systems of Writing
What evidence of Pre-Colonial writing survived?
Laguna copper plate
Languages/Systems of Writing
How many language and dialects are there in the Philippines?
100+
Languages/Systems of Writing
What are the 8 major languages in the Philippines?
Tagalog
Iloko
Pangasinan
Kapampangan
Sugbuhanon
Hiligaynon
Samarnon (Samar-Leyte)
Maguindanao
Languages/Systems of Writing
What were the Philippine languages descendent of?
Austronesian or Malayo-Polynesian
Languages/Systems of Writing
What script was used by friars to translate Christian teachings for Filipinos?
Baybayin
Languages/Systems of Writing
What is Baybayin? Where and why is it used?
syllabary script (consonant + vowel)
used in Tagalog region
most famous
Languages/Systems of Writing
What are other systems of writing?
Kulitan - pampanga (vertical)
Haninu’o
Buhid
Tagbanwa
Jawi
Kurdita
Arrival of Islam
What were the Phases of Islamization
Military conquest
Merchants and missionaries
Arrival of Islam
How was military conquest used to spread Islam?
Arabia - origin
Middle East, North Africa
Spain
Central Asia, Eastern Europe
Reason for hostility towards Muslims (moro) in PH
Arrival of Islam
How was merchants and missionaries used to spread Islam?
intensive trading relations (Silk road and by sea) in Malacca
Arrival of Islam
What was the Sufist movement?
Tariqas or brotherhood
mystic + teachings of Allah
thrifty
Arrival of Islam
What was the main source of Islam in PH?
explain
Tarsuka
Genealogy of diff leaders and inhabitants of Sulu and Mindanao
Arrival of Islam
Who first introduced Islam in the PH and when?
Tuan Mashika - 13th century
Arrival of Islam
Give the 2 Muslims who gained power as Sultanate in the PH
origins + where they arrived
Rajah Baginda - Sumatra (Indo) in Sulu
Serif Kabunsugan - Johore (Malay) in Mindanao
Early Foreign Relations
What/who provided information about PH’s pre-colonial period
Mostly written from Chinese officials
Including those written by Muslim scholars
Spaniards encounter with PH
Early Foreign Relations
What did foreign communities written works about PH proved?
Proof of existence of a civilization with an Oriental texture
Early Foreign Relations
Who were the Orang Dampauns
men from Champa (South Viet)
have Hindu culture
Early Foreign Relations
When did the Orang Dampuans came to the PH?
came to PH as immigrants (900 - 1200 AD)
Early Foreign Relations
Who were the PH’s early foreign relations?
Orang Dampuans
Banjarmasin
China
Early Foreign Relations
What were Orang Dampuans’ main interest and how did they achieve that?
Trade
started in Sulu and built relationship between Southern Annam and Sultanate of Sulu
Early Foreign Relations
Who were the Buranun?
hill tribes of Sulu
Early Foreign Relations
Why did the Buranuns massacre some of the Orang Dampuans?
jealousy in their relations and prosperity
Early Foreign Relations
What kind of communities were present in Orang Dampuan v. Buranun?
Plain community vs elevated community
Early Foreign Relations
How did the Orang Dampuans get revenge for the massacre?
retaliation w/ greater tech
Early Foreign Relations
What was the end of Orang Dampuan v. Buranun?
When
13th century → peaceful relations between Sultanate of Sulu and Orang Dampuans
Early Foreign Relations
Who was the Banjarmasin?
a sub-state of the Empire of Sri Vijaya (along w/ Brunei) that sent traders to Sulu
Early Foreign Relations
How did the Banjarmasin enter Sulu?
entered diplomatically through marriage
Brought beautiful princess who became Buranun Sultan’s queen
Early Foreign Relations
What was the proof that Sulu came under Banjarmasin’s influence?
The Buranun were willing to pay tributes to Banjars
Early Foreign Relations
When and why did China created relations with PH?
trade in the 9th century
Early Foreign Relations
What is the argument on the “first discovery of PH”?
Arab traders (barred from Central China Coast) found alternative route which passed PH and became middlemen for trading of PH and Chinese goods
Hence, there is argument against China dynasties’ “discovery of PH”
Early Foreign Relations
What did China called PH back then?
Called PH as ma’i (mindoro)
Early Foreign Relations
What dynasty established colonies in the coastal areas?
Sung Dynasty
Early Foreign Relations
Why did China had to strengthen its relations w PH
Faced competition among maritimes communities
Early Foreign Relations
What countries were China’s main competitors?
Cambodia, Champa, Annam, SIam, and Tokin
Early Foreign Relations
Which emperoro sent a fleet to Lingayen, Pangasinan
believed to also reach Africa
Ming emperor, Yung Lo
