Module 4 Flashcards
A disturbance of posture, muscle tremors at rest, and uncontrolled muscle contraction are all symptoms of damage to the basal nuclei.
True
A drug that might be used specifically to reduce heart rate in cardiac patients could be ________.
a beta-blocker
A major relay station for sensory information ascending to primary sensory areas of the cerebral cortex. Contains many specialized nuclei.
Thalamus
A patient who received a blow to the side of the skull exhibits the following signs and symptoms on that side of the face: he is unable to close his eye, and the corner of his mouth droops. Which cranial nerve has been damaged?
facial
A shallow groove on the surface of the cortex is called a ________.
sulcus
Acetylcholine is the substance released by the axonal endings of the somatic efferent fibers and by the parasympathetic nerve fiber endings.
True
Alpha-adrenergic effects are usually stimulatory and mediatory.
True
An individual accidentally transected the spinal cord between T1 and L1. This would result in ____.
Paraplegia
Auditory area
Temporal Lobe
Because the ANS is a visceral motor system, afferent pathways are of no importance and actually are rarely found.
False
Bell’s palsy is ____.
characterized by paralysis of facial muscles
Beta-blockers ________.
decrease heart rate and blood pressure
Broca’s area ____.
is considered a motor speech area
Cardiovascular effects of the sympathetic division include all except ________.
dilation of the blood vessels serving the skin and digestive viscera
Cell bodies of the sensory neurons of the spinal nerves are located in ________.
the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord
Cell bodies of the sensory neurons of the spinal nerves are located in ________.
the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord
Cell bodies of the somatic motor neurons of the spinal nerves are located in the ventral horn of the spinal cord.
True
Consists of an ipsilateral withdrawal reflex and a contralateral extensor reflex; important in maintaining balance.
Crossed-Extensor
Dermatomes are skin segments that relate to sensory innervation regions of the spinal nerves.
True
Emotions influence autonomic reactions primarily through integration in the ________.
hypothalamus
Erection of the penis or clitoris ________.
is primarily under parasympathetic control
Feeling a gentle caress on your arm would likely involve all of the following except ________.
Pacinian corpuscles
Fibers that enter and leave the sympathetic chain without synapsing form structures called ________.
splanchnic nerves
Formed by the union of a cranial and a spinal root.
Accessory
Gateway to the cerebrum
Thalamus
Helps to regulate blood pressure and digestion.
Vagus
If the ventral root of a spinal nerve were cut, what would be the result in the tissue or region that nerve supplies?
a complete loss of voluntary movement
In a crossed-extensor reflex, if the right arm was grabbed it would flex and the left arm would ________.
extend
Injury to the hypothalamus may result in all of the following except ______.
loss of proprioception
Irritation of the phrenic nerve may cause diaphragm spasms called hiccups.
True
Meningitis is the most accurate term for inflammation of neurons.
False
Mixed cranial nerves containing both motor and sensory fibers include all except which of the following?
olafactory
Most body organs are innervated by only the sympathetic division of the nervous system.
False
Most disorders of the autonomic nervous system reflect abnormalities of smooth muscle control.
True
Most of the ascending and descending pathways to and from the brain cross over from one side of the body to the other.
True
Motor command center
Cerebellum
Motor speech area
Frontal lobe
Nerves that carry impulses toward the CNS only are ________.
afferent nerves
Neural tracts that convey life-saving information to the brain concerning burning pain would be ________.
lateral spinothalamic
One functional center found within the medulla oblongata is a respiratory center involved in the control of the rate and depth of breathing.
True
Parasympathetic functions include ________.
lens accommodation for close vision
Petit mal seizures found in children generally go away with age.
True
Potentially damaging stimuli that result in pain are selectively detected by ________.
nociceptors
Premotor area
Frontal lobe
Preparing the body for the “fight-or-flight” response is the role of the ________.
sympathetic nervous system
Prevents muscle overstretching and maintains muscle tone.
Stretch
Primary sensory cortex
Parietal lobe
Problems in balance may follow trauma to which nerve?
vestibulocochlear
Produces a rapid withdrawal of the body part from a painful stimulus; ipsilateral.
Flexor
Produces muscle relaxation and lengthening in response to tension; the contracting muscle relaxes as its antagonist is activated.
Golgi tendon
Receptors for this nerve are located in epithelium of the nasal cavity.
Olfactory
Ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are called _____.
gyri
Seat of intelligence, abstract reasoning
Frontal lobe
Second-order neurons of both the specific and nonspecific ascending pathways terminate in the _____.
thalamus
Serves the senses of hearing and equilibrium.
Vestibulocochlear
Somatic motor cortex
Frontal Lobe
Sorting of sensory information and relaying it to the appropriate cerebral sensory area occurs in the hypothalamus.
False
Spastic paralysis suggests involvement of the ____.
upper motor neurons
Specific motor and sensory functions are localized in specific areas called domains, whereas memory and language have overlapping domains
True
Spinal nerves exiting the cord from the level of L4to S4form the ________.
sacral plexus
Survival center
Brain steam
Sympathetic division stimulation causes _____.
increased blood glucose, decreased GI peristalsis, and increased heart rate and blood pressure
Sympathetic nerves may leave the spinal cord at which vertebra?
first thoracic
Sympathetic responses generally are widespread because ________.
NE and epinephrine are secreted into the blood as part of the sympathetic response
Taste (gustatory) area
Insula
Test both upper and lower motor pathways. The sole of the foot is stimulated with a dull instrument.
Plantar
The arbor vitae refers to ________.
cerebellar white matter
The area of the cortex that is responsible for sensations of the full bladder and the feeling that your lungs will burst when you hold your breath too long is the ______.
visceral sensory area
The autonomic nervous system may cause activation or inhibition, depending on the division that is active and the target that is affected.
True
The axons from this area form the major pyramidal tracts.
Primary motor cortex
The blood-brain barrier is effective against _____.
metabolic waste such as urea
The brain area that regulates activities that control the stat of wakefulness of alertness of the cerebral cortex is the ____.
reticular formation
The brain stem consists of the ________.
midbrain, medulla, and pons
The central sulcus separates which lobes?
frontal from parietal
The cerebellum and basal nuclei are involved in regulating motor activity, starting and stopping movements, and coordinating postural movements.
True
The corpora quadrigemina superior colliculi are visual reflex centers, whereas the inferior colliculi are auditory reflex centers.
True
The craniosacral division is another name for the parasympathetic division.
True
The frontal lobe is separated from the temporal lobe by the _____.
lateral sulcas
The glossopharyngeal nerve is the only cranial nerve that contains sensory fibers.
False
The hypothalamus ____.
is the thermostat of the body because it regulates temperature
The left cerebral hemisphere is usually dominant.
True
The limbic system acts as our emotional, or affective, brain.
True
The only cranial nerves to extend beyond the head and neck region are the vagus nerves.
True
The patellar “knee jerk” reflex is an example of a ____.
stretch reflex
The possibility of some control over autonomic responses is demonstrated by ________.
biofeedback
The primary auditory cortex is located in the ________.
temporal lobe
The primary visual cortex contains a map of visual space.
True
The process of linking new facts with old facts already stored in the memory bank is called _____.
consolidation
The “resting and digesting” division of the autonomic nervous system is the ________.
parasympathetic division
The route of major parasympathetic outflow from the head is via the ________.
vagus nerve
The second cranial nerve forms a chiasma at the base of the brain for partial crossover of neural fibers.
True
The second cranial nerve is the only cranial nerve that contains sensory fibers.
False
The secretions of the adrenal medulla act to supplement the effects of ________.
sympathetic stimulation
The subarachnoid space lies between what two layers of meninges?
arachnoid and pia
The vital centers for the control of heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure are located in the ________.
medulla
The white matter of the spinal cord contains _____.
myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers
There are 41 pairs of the spinal nerves.
False
Thermoregulatory responses to increased heat are mediated by the sympathetic nervous division.
True
This area is the main visceral control center of the body.
Hypothalamus
This brain area associates experiences necessary for the production of abstract ideas, judgment, and conscience.
Prefrontal area
Through direct neural stimulation, the sympathetic division promotes many metabolic effects via hormone release.
True
Tremor at rest, shuffling gait, stooped posture, and expressionless face are characteristics of ______.
Parkinson’s disease
Turns the eyeball laterally.
Abducens
Two terms for the massive motor tracts serving voluntary movement are ______.
pyramidal and corticospinal
Visceral reflex arcs from somatic in that _______.
visceral arcs involve two motor neurons
Visual area
Occipital lobe
Which fissure separates the cerebral hemispheres?
longitudinal fissure
Which is a uniquely sympathetic function?
regulation of body temperature
Which of the following does not describe the ANS?
a system of motor neurons that innervates all muscle cells
Which of the following generalizations does not describe the cerebral cortex?
The hemispheres are exactly equal in function
Which of the following is not a result of parasympathetic stimulation?
dilation of the pupils
Which of the following is not an example of an exteroceptor?
baroreceptor
Which of the following is the correct simple spinal reflex arc?
receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, effector
Which of the following is the mildest consequence of traumatic brain injury?
concussion
Which of the following structures is probably not directly involved in memory?
medulla
Which of the following would you not find in normal cerebrospinal fluid?
red blood cells
Which of these effectors is not directly controlled by the autonomic nervous system?
skeletal muscle
Which of these would you not find in the cerebral cortex?
fiber tracts
Which part of the cerebral cortex is involved in intellect, cognition, recall, and personality?
prefrontal cortex
Which statement about coma is true?
Coma is defined as total unresponsiveness to stimuli for a long period of time.
