Module 2 Flashcards
A bluish color in light-skinned individuals
Cyanosis
A fracture in the shaft of a bone would be a break in the ________.
diaphysis
A multilayered epithelium with cuboidal basal cells and flat cells at its surface would be classified as ________.
stratified squamous
A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order?
corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale
A physician is often able to detect homeostatic imbalances in the body by observing changes in the skin color.
True
A round or oval hole through a bone that contains blood vessels and/or nerves is called a(n) ________.
foramen
Abnormal bone formation and reabsorption.
Paget’s disease
Achilles was wounded by damage to the tendon connecting his calf muscles to his heel. This and all tendons are composed mainly of dense irregular connective tissue.
false
Acne is a disorder associated with ________.
sebaceous glands
An epidermal dendritic cell is a specialized ________.
phagocytic cell
An incomplete fracture or cracking of the bone without actual separation of the parts. Common in children.
Greenstick
An osteon contains osteocytes, lamellae, and a central canal, and is found in compact bone only.
true
Appearance of a permanent tan; bronzing.
Addison’s disease
Area where bone longitudinal growth takes place.
Epiphyseal plate
Blood cell formation is called ________.
hematopoiesis
Blood is considered a type of connective tissue.
true
Bone formed is poorly mineralized and soft. Deforms on weight bearing.
Osteomalacia
Bone fragments into many pieces.
Comminuted
Bone tissue in the skeleton of a human fetus is completely formed at six months’ gestation.
false
Bones are classified by whether they are weight bearing or protective in function.
False
Bones are constantly undergoing resorption for various reasons. Which of the following cells accomplishes this process?
osteoclast
Bones are covered and lined by a protective tissue called periosteum. The inner (osteogenic) layer consists primarily of ________.
osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Bones are porous and thin but bone composition is normal.
Osteoporosis
Carpals
Short bone
Cartilage grows in two ways, appositional and interstitial. What is appositional growth?
the secretion of new matrix against the external face of existing cartilage
Cartilage tissue tends to heal less rapidly than bone tissue.
True
Cell remnants of the stratum corneum.
Cornified keratinocytes
Cell types likely to be seen in areolar connective tissue include all except ________.
chondrocytes
Cells plus a disc-like sensory nerve ending that functions as a sensory receptor for touch.
Merkel disc
Cells that can build bony matrix.
Osteoblasts
Cells that can dissolve the bony matrix.
Osteoclasts
Common sports fracture resulting from a twisting force.
Spiral
Compact bone is replaced more often than spongy bone.
False
Composed of cells in a fluid matrix.
blood
Consists of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
Cutaneous
Cranial bones develop ________.
within fibrous membranes
Each consecutive bone lamella has collagen fibers that wrap in alternating directions.
Closure of the epiphyseal plate stops all bone growth.
Embryonic connective tissue that arises from mesoderm and produces all types of connective tissues.
Mesenchyme
Endocrine glands are often called ducted glands.
false
Endothelium covers and lines internal cavities such as the pleural and peritoneal cavities.
False
Epithelial tissues always exhibit polarity; that is, they have a free surface and a basal surface.
True
hip bones
irregular bone
Factors in preventing (or delaying) osteoporosis include ________.
drinking fluoridated water
For intramembranous ossification to take place, which of the following is necessary?
An ossification center forms in the fibrous connective tissue.
Forms internal supporting framework of soft organs such as the spleen.
Reticular tissue
Forms much of the fetal skeleton and covers the articular surfaces of long bones.
Hyaline cartilage
Forms tendons and ligaments.
Dense regular connective tissue
Found lining the digestive and respiratory tracts.
Mucous membrane
Functions of connective tissues include binding, support, insulation, and protection.
true
Glands, such as the thyroid, that secrete their products directly into the blood rather than through ducts are classified as ________.
endocrine
Goblet cells are found with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
true
Growth of bones is controlled by a symphony of hormones. Which hormone is important for bone growth during infancy and childhood?
growth hormone
Hair that lacks pigment and is often called “immature hair.”
Erythemia
Hematopoiesis refers to the formation of blood cells within the red marrow cavities of certain bones.
True
How is hyaline cartilage different from elastic or fibrocartilage?
Fibers are not normally visible.
If a splinter penetrated the skin into the second epidermal layer of the sole of the foot, which cells would be damaged?
lucidum
In some cases the epiphyseal plate of the long bones of children closes too early. What might be the cause?
elevated levels of sex hormones
In the epiphyseal plate, cartilage grows ________.
by pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis
Inability to absorb digested nutrients and secrete mucus might indicate a disorder in which tissue?
simple columnar
Intercalated discs and striations are found in skeletal muscle.
False
Joe just burned himself on a hot pot. A blister forms and the burn is painful. Joe’s burn would best be described as a third-degree burn.
False
Keratinocytes are an important epidermal cell because they ________.
produce a fibrous protein that gives the skin much of its protective properties
Short, irregular, and flat bones have large marrow cavities in order to keep the weight of the bones light.
False
Layers of bone matrix.
Lamellae
Lines blood vessels and the heart.
Endothelium
Macrophages are found in areolar and lymphatic tissues.
true
Makes up the pleura and pericardium.
Serous membrane
Matrix is composed of ________.
fibers and ground substance
May indicate fear, anger, anemia, or low blood pressure.
Pallor
Melanocytes and keratinocytes work together in protecting the skin from UV damage when keratinocytes ________.
accumulate the melanin granules on their superficial portion, forming a UV-blocking pigment layer
Merocrine glands produce their secretions by accumulating their secretions internally and then rupturing the cell.
False
Most connective tissues have regenerative capacity, while most epithelial tissues do not.
false
Multicellular exocrine glands can be classified ________.
functionally into merocrine, holocrine, and apocrine divisions
Nervous tissue consists mainly of neurons and collagen fibers.
false
Normal bone formation and growth are dependent on the adequate intake of ________.
calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D
Nutrients reach the surface of the skin (epidermis) through the process of ________.
diffusing through the tissue fluid from blood vessels in the dermis
Organized groups of cells (plus their intercellular substances) that have a common purpose form a(n) ________.
tissue
Ostealgia is ________.
pain in a bone
Osteogenesis is the process of ________.
bone formation
Osteomyelitis is ________.
due to pus-forming bacteria
Patella
Sesamoid bone
Provides tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock.
Fibrocartilage
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium ________.
lines the respiratory tract
Radius
Long bone
Regardless of race, all human beings have about the same number of melanocytes.
True
scapula
flat bone
Select the correct statement regarding factors that affect the tissue repair process.
The age of the person is a factor in the repair process.
Select the correct statement regarding the cells of connective tissue.
“Blast” cells are undifferentiated, actively dividing cells.
Select the correct statement regarding tissue repair.
Inflammation causes capillaries to dilate and become permeable.
Select the most correct statement concerning skin cancer.
Melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing.
Simple cuboidal epithelia are usually associated with secretion and absorption.
True
Simple Squamous Epithelium gets its first name from ________ and it’s second name from ________, the third name is the tissue classification.
how many cell layers deep, shape of each cell
Sixty-five percent of the mass of bone is a compound called hydroxyapatite.
true
Skin macrophages that help activate the immune system.
Epidermal dendritic cells
Skin surface markings that reflect points of tight dermal attachment to underlying tissues are called epidermal ridges.
False
Small nutrient channels that radiate through the matrix of bone.
Canaliculi
Smooth muscle cells possess central nuclei but lack striations.
True
Source of new cells in mature connective tissue.
Mesenchyme
Spongy bones are made up of a framework called ________.
trabeculae
Squamous cells are flattened and scalelike when mature.
true
Structural support of the external ear and other structures that need support with flexibility.
Elastic cartilage
Sudoriferous glands vary in distribution over the surface of the body. Which of the following is correct?
Ceruminous glands secrete cerumen, which is thought to deter insects.
Supports and protects; insulates against heat loss; reserve source of fuel.
Adipose
Supports and protects; stores calcium.
bone
Sweat glands are apocrine glands.
false
Sweat glands continuously produce small amounts of sweat, even in cooler temperatures.
True
The apocrine sweat glands are fairly unimportant in thermoregulation.
True
The appearance of this structure signals the end of bone growth.
Epiphyseal line
The area of long bones where cartilage cells are replaced by bone cells.
Diaphysis
The basic difference between dense irregular and dense regular connective tissues is in the amount of elastic fibers and adipose cells present.
False
The canal that runs through the core of each osteon (the Haversian canal) is the site of ________.
blood vessels and nerve fibers
The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the ________.
osteoblast
The cells responsible for the early stages of endochondral ossification.
Chondrocytes
The dermis has two major layers; which of the following constitutes 80% of the dermis and is responsible for the tension lines in the skin?
the reticular layer
The dermis is a strong, flexible connective tissue layer. Which of the following cell types are likely to be found in the dermis?
fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells
The dermis is rich in blood vessels and nerve fibers.
True
The design of a person’s epidermal ridges is determined by the manner in which the papillae rest upon the dermal ridges to produce the specific pattern known as handprints, footprints, and fingerprints. Which of the following statements is true regarding these prints or ridges?
They are genetically determined, therefore unique to each person.
The epidermis consists of five layers of cells, each layer with a distinct role to play in the health, well-being, and functioning of the skin. Which of the following layers is responsible for cell division and replacement?
stratum basale
The epithelial membrane that lines body cavities open to the exterior
Mucous membrane
The epithelial membrane that lines the closed ventral cavities of the body.
Serous membrane
The fiber type that gives connective tissue great tensile strength is ________.
collagen
The first step in tissue repair involves ________.
inflammation
The function of the root hair plexus is to ________.
allow the hair to assist in touch sensation
The glands that serve an important function in thermoregulation.
Sudoriferous glands
The growth pattern of bone in which matrix is laid down on the surface.
Appositional growth
The layer of the epidermis where the cells are considered protective but nonviable.
Stratum corneum
The layer that contains the mitotic viable cells of the epidermis.
Stratum basale
The lining of the marrow cavity.
Endosteum
The major regions of a hair shaft include all of the following except ________.
external root sheath
The most abundant cells of the epidermis.
Keratinocytes
The most abundant skeletal cartilage type is ________.
hyaline
The most dangerous skin cancer is cancer of the melanocytes.
True
The periosteum is a tissue that serves only to protect the bone because it is not supplied with nerves or blood vessels.
False
The periosteum is secured to the underlying bone by dense connective tissue called ________.
perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers
The pinkish hue of individuals with fair skin is the result of the crimson color of oxygenated hemoglobin (contained in red blood cells) circulating in the dermal capillaries and reflecting through the epidermis.
True
The process of bones increasing in width is known as ___.
appositional growth
The protein found in large amounts in the outermost layer of epidermal cells is collagen.
False
The protein found in the epidermis that is responsible for toughening the skin.
Keratin
The shock-absorbing pads between the vertebrae are formed of fibrocartilage.
true
The structural unit of compact bone (osteon) resembles the growth rings of a tree trunk.
True
The structure of bone tissue suits the function. Which of the following bone tissues is adapted to support weight and withstand tension stress?
compact bone
The term diploë refers to the ________.
internal layer of spongy bone in flat bones
The term osteoid refers to the organic part of the matrix of compact bones.
true
The trabeculae of spongy bone are oriented toward lines of stress.
true
The universal loss of mass seen in the skeleton, which begins about the age of 40, ________.
reflects incomplete osteon formation and mineralization
Usually indicates a liver disorder.
Jaundice
What are the most important factors influencing hair growth?
nutrition and hormones
What are the small spaces in bone tissue that are holes in which osteocytes live called?
lacunae
What are the three main components of connective tissue?
ground substance, fibers, and cells
What can a deficiency of growth hormone during bone formation cause?
decreased proliferation of the epiphyseal plate cartilage
What feature characterizes simple columnar epithelium of the digestive tract?
dense microvilli
What is the structural unit of compact bone?
the osteon
What kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo?
hyaline cartilage
When an individual is exposed to extremely low air temperatures, the dermal blood vessels will dilate so that blood and heat will be dissipated.
False
Which cells are commonly found wedged between simple columnar epithelial cells?
goblet cells
Which hormone increases osteoclast activity to release more calcium ions into the bloodstream?
parathyroid hormone
Which is true concerning muscle tissue?
highly cellular and well vascularized
Which muscles attached to the hair follicles cause goose bumps?
arrector pili
Which of the following cutaneous receptors is specialized for the reception of touch or light pressure?
Meissner’s corpuscles
Which of the following glands or organs produces hormones that tend to decrease blood calcium levels?
thyroid
Which of the following is a bone marking name that indicates a projection that helps to form joints?
ramus
Which of the following is a single-celled layer of epithelium that forms the lining of serous membranes?
simple squamous
Which of the following is a skin sensory receptor for touch?
Meissner’s corpuscle
Which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system?
communication
Which of the following is not found in the matrix of cartilage but is in bone?
blood vessels
Which of the following is true about epithelia?
Endothelium provides a slick surface lining all hollow cardiovascular organs.
Which of these is not considered connective tissue?
muscle
Which statement best describes connective tissue?
usually contains a large amount of matrix
Which structure allows the diaphysis of the bone to increase in length until early childhood, as well as shaping the articular surfaces?
epiphyseal plate
Which type of skin cancer appears as a scaly reddened papule and tends to grow rapidly and metastasize?
Squamous cell carcinoma
Wolff’s law is concerned with ________.
the thickness and shape of a bone being dependent on stresses placed upon it
Yellow bone marrow contains a large percentage of ________.
fat
________ epithelium appears to have two or three layers of cells, but all the cells are in contact with the basement membrane.
Pseudostratified columnar
