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Anatomy and Phys 1 > Module 3 > Flashcards

Module 3 Flashcards

1
Q

A fibrous joint that is a peg-in-socket is called a ________ joint.

A

gomphosis

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2
Q

A joint united by dense fibrocartilaginous tissue that usually permits a slight degree of movement is a ________.

A

symphysis

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3
Q

A movement of the forearm in which the palm of the hand is turned from posterior to anterior is supination.

A

True

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4
Q

A neuron that has as its primary function the job of connecting other neurons is called a(n) ________.

A

association neuron

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5
Q

A person who has been diagnosed with a sprained ankle has an injury to the ligaments that attach to that joint.

A

True

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6
Q

A person who has been diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis would be suffering loss of the synovial fluids.

A

False

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7
Q

A postsynaptic potential is a graded potential that is the result of a neurotransmitter released into the synapse between two neurons.

A

true

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8
Q

A resting potential is caused by a difference in the concentration of certain ions inside and outside the cell.

A

true

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9
Q

A stimulus traveling toward a synapse appears to open calcium ion channels at the presynaptic end, which in turn promotes fusion of synaptic vesicles to the axonal membrane.

A

true

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10
Q

After nervous stimulation stops, what prevents ACh in the synaptic cleft from continuing to stimulate contraction?

A

acetylcholinesterase destroying the ACh

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11
Q

All joints permit some degree of movement, even if very slight.

A

False

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12
Q

Also called a nerve impulse transmitted by axons.

A

Action potential

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13
Q

Although there are no sarcomeres, smooth muscle still possesses thick and thin filaments.

A

true

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14
Q

An anaerobic metabolic pathway that results in the production of two net ATPs per glucose plus two pyruvic acid molecules is ________.

A

glycolysis

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15
Q

An example of an interosseus fibrous joint is ________.

A

the radius and ulna along its length

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16
Q

An exceptionally strong stimulus can trigger a response.

A

Relative refractory period

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17
Q

An impulse from one nerve cell is communicated to another nerve cell via the ________.

A

synapse

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18
Q

An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) is associated with ________.

A

hyperpolarization

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19
Q

An insufficient stimulus.

A

Subthreshold stimulus

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20
Q

Any stimulus below this intensity will result in no response in a neuron.

A

Threshold stimulus

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21
Q

Articular cartilage found at the ends of the long bones serves to ________.

A

provide a smooth surface at the ends of synovial joints

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22
Q

Articulations permitting only slight degrees of movement are ________.

A

amphiarthroses

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23
Q

Bending of the tip of the finger exhibits flexion.

A

True

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24
Q

Bending your head back until it hurts is an example of ________.

A

hyperextension

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25
Q

Bipolar neurons are commonly ________.

A

found in the retina of the eye

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26
Q

Cell bodies of sensory neurons may be located in ganglia lying outside the central nervous system.

A

true

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27
Q

Collections of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system are called ________.

A

ganglia

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28
Q

Compared to the shoulder, displacements of the hip joints are ________.

A

rare because of the ligament reinforcement

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29
Q

Connective tissue sacs lined with synovial membranes that act as cushions in places where friction develops are called ________.

A

bursae

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30
Q

Contractures are a result of a total lack of ATP.

A

true

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31
Q

Cruciate ligaments are important ligaments that stabilize all ball-and-socket joints.

A

False

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32
Q

Destroys ACh.

A

Acetylcholinesterase

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33
Q

Different types of sensory input can have the same ultimate effect.

A

Converging circuit

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34
Q

During depolarization, the inside of the neuron’s membrane becomes less negative.

A

true

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35
Q

During vigorous exercise, there may be insufficient oxygen available to completely break down pyruvic acid for energy. As a result, the pyruvic acid is converted to ________.

A

lactic acid

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36
Q

Eccentric contractions are more forceful than concentric contractions.

A

true

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37
Q

Efferent nerve fibers may be described as motor nerve fibers.

A

true

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38
Q

Enkephalins and endorphins are peptides that act like morphine.

A

true

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39
Q

Ependymal cells ________.

A

help to circulate the cerebrospinal fluid

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40
Q

Excitation-contraction coupling requires which of the following substances?

A

Ca2+ and ATP

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41
Q

Extracapsular ligaments stabilizing the knee include ________.

A

lateral and medial collateral ligaments preventing lateral or medial angular movements

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42
Q

Fatigued muscle cells that recover rapidly are the products of ________.

A

intense exercise of short duration

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43
Q

“Feel-good” neurotransmitter.

A

Norepinephrine

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44
Q

Football players often sustain lateral blows to the extended knee. Which of the ligaments is (are) damaged as a result?

A

medial collateral, medial meniscus, and anterior cruciate

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45
Q

If bacteria invaded the CNS tissue, microglia would migrate to the area to engulf and destroy them.

A

true

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46
Q

Immediately after an action potential has peaked, which cellular gates open?

A

potassium

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47
Q

In an isotonic contraction, the muscle ________.

A

changes in length and moves the “load”

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48
Q

In myelinated axons the voltage-regulated sodium channels are concentrated at the nodes of Ranvier.

A

true

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49
Q

In symphysis joints the articular surfaces of the bones are covered with ________.

A

hyaline cartilage

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50
Q

In the classification of joints, which of the following is true?

A

All synovial joints are freely movable.

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51
Q

Increases acid secretion in the stomach; blocked by cimetidine.

A

Histamine

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52
Q

Involved in activating fibers of a skeletal muscle such as the biceps muscle.

A

Diverging circuit

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53
Q

Involved in control of rhythmic activities such as breathing.

A

Reverberating circuit

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54
Q

Large-diameter nerve fibers conduct impulses much faster than small-diameter fibers.

A

true

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55
Q

May be involved in complex, exacting types of mental processing.

A

Parallel after-discharge circuit

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56
Q

Mediates pain.

A

Substance P

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57
Q

Most skeletal muscles contain ________.

A

a mixture of fiber types

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58
Q

Movement at the hip joint does not have as wide a range of motion as at the shoulder joint.

A

True

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59
Q

Muscle contraction will always promote movement of body parts regardless of how they are attached,

A

false

60
Q

Muscle tissue has all of the following properties except ________.

A

secretion

61
Q

Muscle tone is the small amount of tautness or tension in the muscle due to weak, involuntary contractions of its motor units.

A

true

62
Q

Myelination of the nerve fibers in the central nervous system is the job of the oligodendrocytes.

A

true

63
Q

Natural opiates that inhibit pain; effect mimicked by morphine.

A

Endorphins

64
Q

Neuroglia that control the chemical environment around neurons by buffering potassium and recapturing neurotransmitters are ________.

A

astrocytes

65
Q

Neurons in the CNS are organized into functional groups.

A

true

66
Q

Numerous nerve impulses arriving at a synapse at closely timed intervals exert a cumulative effect.

A

Temporal summation

67
Q

Once a motor neuron has fired, all the muscle fibers in a muscle contract.

A

false

68
Q

One incoming fiber triggers responses in ever-increasing numbers farther and farther along the circuit.

A

Diverging circuit

69
Q

Pointing the toes is an example of ________.

A

plantar flexion

70
Q

Principal inhibitory neurotransmitter of the spinal cord.

A

Glycine

71
Q

Reflexes are rapid, automatic responses to stimuli.

A

true

72
Q

Saltatory conduction is made possible by ________.

A

the myelin sheath

73
Q

Schwann cells are functionally similar to ________.

A

oligodendrocytes

74
Q

Select the correct statement regarding synapses.

A

The synaptic cleft prevents an impulse from being transmitted directly from one neuron to another.

75
Q

Smooth muscle is characterized by all of the following except ________.

A

there are more thick filaments than thin filaments

76
Q

Stimulation of a postsynaptic neuron by many terminals at the same time.

A

Spatial summation

77
Q

Strong stimuli cause the amplitude of action potentials generated to increase.

A

false

78
Q

Synarthrotic joints ________.

A

permit essentially no movement

79
Q

Synovial fluid contains phagocytic cells that protect the cavity from invasion by microbes or other debris.

A

True

80
Q

Synovial fluid is a viscous material that is derived by filtration from blood.

A

True

81
Q

Synovial fluid is present in joint cavities of freely movable joints. Which of the following statements is true about this fluid?

A

It contains hyaluronic acid.

82
Q

Tendon sheaths ________.

A

act as friction-reducing structures

83
Q

The all-or-none phenomenon as applied to nerve conduction states that the whole nerve cell must be stimulated for conduction to take place.

A

false

84
Q

The articular surfaces of synovial joints play a minimal role in joint stability.

A

True

85
Q

The contractile units of skeletal muscles are ________.

A

myofibrils

86
Q

The cruciate ligaments of the knee ________.

A

prevent hyperextension of the knee

87
Q

The effect of a neurotransmitter on the muscle cell membrane is to modify its ion permeability properties temporarily.

A

true

88
Q

The force of muscle contraction is controlled by multiple motor unit summation or recruitment.

A

true

89
Q

The interior of the cell becomes less negative due to an influx of sodium ions.

A

Depolarization

90
Q

The ligaments that protect the alignment of the femoral and tibial condyles and limit the movement of the femur anteriorly and posteriorly are called ________.

A

cruciate ligaments

91
Q

The main effect of the warm-up period of athletes, as the muscle contractions increase in strength, is to ________.

A

enhance the availability of calcium and the efficiency of enzyme systems

92
Q

The neuron cannot respond to a second stimulus, no matter how strong.

A

Absolute refractory period

93
Q

The major role of ligaments at synovial joints is to help direct movement and restrict undesirable movement.

A

True

94
Q

The muscle cell membrane is called the ________.

A

sarcolemma

95
Q

The nodes of Ranvier are found only on myelinated, peripheral neuron processes.

A

false

96
Q

The oligodendrocytes can myelinate several axons.

A

true

97
Q

The only movement allowed between the first two cervical vertebrae is flexion.

A

False

98
Q

The oxygen-binding protein found in muscle cells is ________.

A

myoglobin

99
Q

The part of a neuron that conducts impulses away from its cell body is called a(n) ________.

A

axon

100
Q

The period after an initial stimulus when a neuron is not sensitive to another stimulus is the ________.

A

absolute refractory period

101
Q

The phenomenon in which the contraction strength of a muscle increases, due to increased Ca2+availability and enzyme efficiency during the warm-up.

A

Treppe

102
Q

The sliding filament model of contraction involves ________.

A

actin and myosin sliding past each other and partially overlapping

103
Q

The specific period during which potassium ions diffuse out of the neuron due to a change in membrane permeability.

A

Repolarization

104
Q

The stimulus above which no stronger contraction can be elicited, because all motor units are firing in the muscle.

A

Maximal stimulus

105
Q

The strongest muscle contractions are normally achieved by ________.

A

increasing the stimulation up to the maximal stimulus

106
Q

The structural classification of joints is based on the composition of the binding material and the presence or absence of a joint cavity.

A

True

107
Q

The substance released at axon terminals to propagate a nervous impulse is called a(n) ________.

A

neurotransmitter

108
Q

The term aponeurosis refers to ________.

A

a sheetlike indirect attachment to a skeletal element

109
Q

The term central nervous system refers to the ________.

A

brain and spinal cord

110
Q

The terms inversion and eversion pertain only to the ________.

A

feet

111
Q

The thin filaments (actin) contain a polypeptide subunit G actin that bears active sites for myosin attachment.

A

true

112
Q

The warm-up period required of athletes in order to bring their muscles to peak performance is called ________.

A

treppe

113
Q

Three discrete types of muscle fibers are identified on the basis of their size, speed, and endurance. Which of the following athletic endeavors best represents the use of red fibers?

A

a long, relaxing swim

114
Q

What are ciliated CNS neuroglia that play an active role in moving the cerebrospinal fluid called?

A

ependymal cells

115
Q

What are menisci?

A

semilunar cartilage pads

116
Q

What can cause gouty arthritis?

A

excessive blood levels of uric acid deposited as crystals in the soft tissue joints

117
Q

What is moving a limb away from the median plane of the body along the frontal plane called?

A

abduction

118
Q

What is the functional role of the T tubules?

A

enhance cellular communication during muscle contraction

119
Q

What is the functional unit of a skeletal muscle called?

A

a sarcomere

120
Q

What is the role of acetylcholinesterase?

A

destroy ACh a brief period after its release by the axon endings

121
Q

What is the role of calcium ions in muscle contraction?

A

bind to regulatory sites on troponin to remove contraction inhibition

122
Q

What is the role of tropomyosin in skeletal muscles?

A

Tropomyosin serves as a contraction inhibitor by blocking the myosin binding sites on the actin molecules.

123
Q

What structure in skeletal muscle cells functions in calcium storage?

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

124
Q

When a muscle fiber contracts, the I bands diminish in size, the H zones disappear, and the A bands move closer together but do not diminish in length.

A

true

125
Q

When a muscle is unable to respond to stimuli temporarily, it is in which of the following periods?

A

refractory period

126
Q

Which ion channel opens in response to a change in membrane potential and participates in the generation and conduction of action potentials?

A

voltage-gated channel

127
Q

Which ligament of the knee initiates the knee-jerk reflex when tapped?

A

the patellar ligament

128
Q

Which muscle cells have the greatest ability to regenerate?

A

smooth

129
Q

Which of the choices below describes the ANS?

A

motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

130
Q

Which of the following conditions is generally considered a noninflammatory type of arthritis?

A

osteoarthritis

131
Q

Which of the following describes the nervous system integrative function?

A

analyzes sensory information, stores information, makes decisions

132
Q

Which of the following is a factor that affects the velocity and duration of muscle contraction?

A

load on the fiber

133
Q

Which of the following is a true statement regarding gliding movements?

A

Gliding movements occur at the intercarpal and intertarsal joints.

134
Q

Which of the following is an excitatory neurotransmitter secreted by motor neurons innervating skeletal muscle?

A

acetylcholine

135
Q

Which of the following is not a chemical class of neurotransmitters?

A

nucleic acid

136
Q

Which of the following is not a function of astrocytes?

A

provide the defense for the CNS

137
Q

Which of the following is not a function of the autonomic nervous system?

A

innervation of skeletal muscle

138
Q

Which of the following is not a part of the synovial joint?

A

tendon sheath

139
Q

Which of the following is not a role of ionic calcium in muscle contraction?

A

activates epinephrine released from adrenal gland

140
Q

Which of the following is not a special characteristic of neurons?

A

They are mitotic.

141
Q

Which of the following is not a usual result of resistance exercise?

A

increase in the number of muscle cells

142
Q

Which of the following is not a way muscle contractions can be graded?

A

changing the type of muscle fibers involved in the contraction

143
Q

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events for muscle contractions?

A

motor neuron action potential, neurotransmitter release, muscle cell action potential, release of calcium ions from SR, ATP-driven power stroke, sliding of myofilaments

144
Q

Which of the following statements defines synchondroses?

A

cartilaginous joints where hyaline cartilage unites the ends of bones

145
Q

Which of the following statements is false or incorrect?

A

Cardiac muscle fibers depend mostly on anaerobic cellular respiration to generate ATP.

146
Q

Which of the following statements is true?

A

Striated muscle cells are long and cylindrical with many nuclei.

147
Q

Which of the following would be recruited later in muscle stimulation when contractile strength increases?

A

motor units with larger, less excitable neurons

Anatomy and Phys 1 (4 decks)

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