Module 1 Flashcards
A bond in which electrons are completely lost or gained by the atoms involved.
ionic bond
A bond in which electrons are shared equally.
nonpolar covalent bond
A bond in which electrons are shared unequally.
Polar covalent bond
A charged particle is generally called an ion.
True
A chemical reaction in which bonds are broken is usually associated with ________.
the release of energy
A dipeptide can be broken into two amino acids by dehydration synthesis.
False
A gene can best be defined as ________.
a segment of DNA that carries the instructions for one polypeptide chain
A major function of serous membranes is to decrease friction.
True
A process by which large particles may be taken into the cell for food, protection of the body, or for disposing of old or dead cells is called phagocytosis.
True
A red blood cell placed in pure water would ________.
swell and burst
A solution that has a pH of 2 could best be described as being ________.
acidic
A structure that is composed of two or more tissues would be a(n) ________.
organ
A type of bond important in tying different parts of the same molecule together into a three-dimensional structure.
Hydrogen bond
About 60% to 80% of the volume of most living cells consists of organic compounds.
False
Abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress
Desmosomes
Act as “interpreter” molecules that recognize specific amino acids and nucleotide base sequences.
Transfer RNA
All organic compounds contain carbon.
True
Although a man who weighs 175 pounds on Earth would be lighter on the moon and heavier on Jupiter, his ________ would not be different.
Mass
An example of a coenzyme is ________.
riboflavin (vitamin B2)
An increased rate of breathing as a result of an increased buildup of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream would be best described as an example of ________.
excretion of metabolic waste
An oblique cut is one that is cut ________.
diagonally between the vertical and horizontal
Anything that occupies space and has mass.
Matter
Apoptosis is programmed cell suicide, but cancer cells fail to undergo apoptosis.
True
Atom X has 17 protons. How many electrons are in its valence shell?
7
Attaches the correct amino acid to its transfer RNA.
Synthetase enzymes
Average body temperature is ________ degrees centigrade.
37
Buffers resist abrupt and large changes in the pH of the body by releasing or binding ions.
True
Can be measured only by its effects on matter.
Energy
Carbohydrates and proteins are built up from their basic building blocks by the ________.
removal of a water molecule between each two units
Carbohydrates are stored in the liver and muscles in the form of ________.
glycogen
Cell junctions that promote the coordinated activity of cells by physically binding them together into a cell community include all of the following except ________.
peroxisomes
Centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell.
Early prophase
Chemical properties are determined primarily by neutrons.
False
Choose the anatomical topic and definition that is not correctly matched.
Cytology: study of the structures in a particular region.
Choose the answer that best describes fibrous proteins.
are very stable and insoluble in water
Choose the answer that best describes HCO3-.
a bicarbonate ion
Choose the following statement that is not completely correct regarding serous membranes.
Visceral pericardium covers the surface of the heart, and parietal pericardium lines the walls of the heart.
Chromatin consists of DNA and RNA.
False
Chromosomal centromeres split and chromosomes migrate to opposite ends of the cell.
Anaphase
Chromosomes align on the spindle equator.
Metaphase
Chromosomes decoil to form chromatin.
Telophase
Communicating junction.
Gap junctions
Controls the body with chemical molecules called hormones.
Endocrine
Covalent bonds are generally less stable than ionic bonds.
False
Crenation is likely to occur in blood cells in ________.
a hypertonic solution
Delivers oxygen and nutrients to the tissues.
Cardiovascular
Dense spherical bodies in the nucleus that are the synthesis site for ribosomal RNA.
Nucleoli
Diffusion is always from areas of greater to areas of lesser concentration.
true
Directly causes mechanical motion.
Muscular
DNA contains “dark matter” that codes for specific structural proteins.
False
Each daughter cell resulting from mitotic cell division has exactly as many chromosomes as the parent cell.
True
Electrically charged particle due to loss of an electron.
Cation
Energy that travels in waves. Part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
radiant energy
Facilitated diffusion always requires a carrier protein.
false
Final preparation for cell division is made during the cell life cycle subphase called G2.
True
Forms part of the protein synthesis site in the cytoplasm.
Ribosomal RNA
Found in the cytoplasm, this structure specifies the exact sequence of amino acids of the protein to be made.
Messenger RNA
Glucose is an example of a monosaccharide.
True
Help prevent molecules from passing through the extracellular space between adjacent cells.
Tight junctions
Heterogeneous, will not settle.
colloids
Heterogeneous, will settle.
suspensions
Histology would be best defined as a study of ________.
tissues
Hollow cytoskeletal elements that act as organizers for the cytoskeleton.
Microtubules
Homeostasis is the condition in which the body maintains ________.
a relatively stable internal environment, within limits
Homogeneous, will not settle.
solutions
Houses DNA and RNA.
nucleus
Hydrogen bonds are comparatively strong bonds.
False
If cells are placed in a hypertonic solution containing a solute to which the membrane is impermeable, what would happen?
The cells will lose water and shrink
If you consider your home air conditioner in terms of homeostasis, then the wall thermostat would be the ________.
control center
In certain kinds of muscle cells, calcium ions are stored in ________.
the smooth ER
In general, the lipids that we refer to as oils have ________.
a high degree of unsaturated bonds
In liquid XYZ, you notice that light is scattered as it passes through. There is no precipitant in the bottom of the beaker, though it has been sitting for several days. What type of liquid is this?
Colloid
In osmosis, movement of water occurs toward the solution with the lower solute concentration.
False
In which cavities are the lungs located?
pleural, ventral, and thoracic
Isotopes differ from each other only in the number of electrons contained.
False
It is important for any organism to maintain its boundaries, so that its internal environment remains distinct from the external environment surrounding it.
True
Legs moving the pedals of a bicycle.
Mechanical energy
Lipids are a poor source of stored energy.
False
Lysosomes ________.
contain acid hydrolases that are potentially dangerous to the cell
May be attached to the ER or scattered in the cytoplasm.
Ribosomal RNA
Microfilaments are thin strands of the contractile protein myosin.
false
Mitochondria ________.
contain some of the DNA and RNA code necessary for their own function
Most organelles are bounded by a membrane that is quite different in structure from the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane.
false
Neutral subatomic particle.
Neutron
Nitric oxide may act as a biological messenger.
true
No chemical bonding occurs between the components of a mixture.
True
Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disintegrate.
Late prophase
Once solid material is phagocytized and taken into a vacuole, which of the following statements best describes what happens?
A lysosome combines with the vacuole and digests the enclosed solid material.
One of the functional characteristics of life is irritability. This refers to ________.
sensing changes in the environment and then reacting or responding to them
Only one cell type in the human body has a flagellum.
true
Passive membrane transport processes include ________.
movement of a substance down its concentration gradient
Peroxisomes ________.
are able to detoxify substances by enzymatic action
Plays a role in the synthesis of steroid-based hormones and proteins.
Endoplasmic reticulum
Positive feedback mechanisms tend to increase the original stimulus
True
Present in electrically excitable tissues.
Gap junctions
Produces antibodies that neutralize foreign substances.
Immune
Protects underlying organs from mechanical damage and synthesizes vitamin D.
Integumentary
Provides support and levers for muscles to work on.
Skeletal
Provides the energy needed for synthesis reactions.
ATP
Removes and filters excess fluid from tissues.
Lymphatic
Represented by the flow of charged particles along a conductor, or the flow of ions across a membrane.
electrical energy
Responds to environmental changes by transmitting electrical impulses.
Nervous
Ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and the Golgi apparatus functionally act in sequence to synthesize and modify proteins for secretory use (export) only, never for use by the cell. This statement is ________.
false; integral cell membrane proteins are also synthesized this way
Select the correct statement about isotopes.
Isotopes of the same element have the same atomic number but differ in their atomic masses.
Select the most correct statement regarding nucleic acids.
DNA is a long, double-stranded molecule made up of A, T, G, and C bases.
Smallest particle of a compound that still retains its properties.
Molecule
Smallest particle of an element that retains its properties.
Atom
Some hormones enter cells via ________.
receptor-mediated endocytosis
Subdivisions of anatomy include which of the following?
gross, regional, systemic, and surface
The actual site of protein synthesis.
Ribosomes
The anatomical position is characterized by all of the following except ________.
palms turned posteriorly
The atomic weight is only an average of relative weights of an atom and its isotopes, and it may vary from the weight of a specific isotope.
True
The bridge of the nose is ________ to the left eye.
Medial
The cavities housing the eyes are called __________ cavities.
orbial
The cell (plasma) membrane normally contains substantial amounts of cholesterol.
true
The fingers are ________ to the wrist.
Distal
The four elements that make up about 96% of body matter are ________.
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen
The genetic information is coded in DNA by the ________.
sequence of the nucleotides
The heart is ________ to the stomach.
Superior
The heart lies in the ________ cavity.
pericardial
The heart lies in the ________ cavity.
pericardial
The lower the pH, the higher the hydrogen ion concentration.
True
The main component of the cytosol is ________.
water
The numbers listed represent the number of electrons in the first, second, and third energy levels, respectively. On this basis, which of the following is an unstable or reactive atom?
2, 8, 1
The orderly sequence of the phases of mitosis is prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
True
The parietal pleura would represent a serous membrane ________.
lining the thoracic cavity
The pH of body fluids must remain fairly constant for the body to maintain homeostasis.
True
The RNA responsible for bringing the amino acids to the “factory” site for protein formation is ________.
tRNA
The serous membrane that lines the peritoneal cavity wall is called visceral peritoneum.
False
The single most abundant chemical substance of the body, accounting for 60% to 80% of body weight, is ________.
water
The single most abundant protein in the body is ________.
collagen
The stomach is ________ to the spine.
Anterior
The study of the heart may incorporate many aspects of anatomy but as a whole you would say it is __________ anatomy.
gross
The upper arm is ________ to the forearm.
Proximal
Type of anchoring junction.
Desmosomes
What does CH4mean?
There is one carbon and four hydrogen atoms.
What does the formula C6H12O6mean?
There are 12 hydrogen, 6 carbon, and 6 oxygen atoms.
What is a chain of 25 amino acids called?
polypeptide
What is a vertical section through the body, dividing it into anterior and posterior regions called?
frontal
What is the main, general purpose of negative feedback?
to maintain homeostasis
What is the posterior side of the patella called?
popliteal
What is the specific name for the hip region?
coxal
What level of protein synthesis is represented by the coiling of the protein chain backbone into an alpha helix?
secondary structure
When the bonds of ATP are broken, energy is released to do cellular work.
Chemical energy
Which body cavity protects the nervous system?
dorsal
Which mechanism controls the following function?
Blood clotting
Positive feedback
Which mechanism controls the following function?
Blood glucose levels
Negative feedback
Which mechanism controls the following function?
Blood pressure
Negative feedback
Which mechanism controls the following function?
Delivering a baby
Positive feedback
Which of the following are survival needs of the body?
nutrients, water, atmospheric pressure, and oxygen
Which of the following constitutes a long chain of simple sugars?
polysaccharide
Which of the following describes a parasagittal plane?
any sagittal plane except the median
Which of the following describes coenzymes?
organic molecules derived from vitamins
Which of the following describes the plasma membrane?
the phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell
Which of the following does not describe the ATP molecule?
pigments
Which of the following elements is necessary for proper conduction of nervous impulses?
Na
Which of the following imaging devices would best localize a tumor in a person’s brain?
MRI
Which of the following is a concept of the cell theory?
A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms.
Which of the following is a function of a plasma membrane protein?
molecular transport through the membrane
Which of the following is a neutralization reaction?
HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
Which of the following is a principle of the fluid mosaic model of cell membrane structure?
Phospholipids form a bilayer that is largely impermeable to water-soluble molecules.
Which of the following is not considered a factor in influencing a reaction?
time
Which of the following is not true of proteins?
They appear to be the molecular carriers of the coded hereditary information.
Which of the following is the major positive ion outside cells?
sodium
Which of the following organs or structures would be found in the left iliac region?
intestines
Which of the following statements is correct regarding diffusion?
The greater the concentration of gradient, the faster the rate of diffusion.
Which of the following statements is false?
Larger particles move faster than smaller ones and thus collide more frequently and more forcefully.
Which of the following statements is most correct regarding the intracellular chemical signals known as “second messengers”?
Cyclic AMP and calcium may be second messengers.
Which of the following statements is true concerning feedback mechanisms?
Negative feedback mechanisms work to prevent sudden severe changes within the body.
Which of the following would be regarded as an organic molecule?
CH4
Which of the following would not be a constituent of a plasma membrane?
messenger RNA
Which of the following would not be a functional characteristic of life?
decay
Which of these is not a function of the plasma membrane?
It prevents potassium ions from leaking out and sodium ions from crossing into the cell.
Which of these is not part of the dorsal cavity?
thoracic cavity
Which one of the following systems responds to environmental stimuli?
nervous
Which property of water is demonstrated when we sweat?
high heat of vaporization
Which statement about enzymes is false?
Enzymes raise the activation energy needed to start a reaction.
Which structures are fingerlike projections that greatly increase the absorbing surface of cells?
microvilli
Which term means toward or at the back of the body, behind?
dorsal
Which transport process is the main mechanism for the movement of most macromolecules by body cells?
receptor-mediated endocytosis
Will not scatter light.
solutions
________ cavities are spaces within joints.
synovial
________ is fat soluble, produced in the skin on exposure to UV radiation, and necessary for normal bone growth and function.
vitamin D
