Module 4 Flashcards by Constance Dorion

Sensation takes place in the _________.

A. Brain
B. Spinal cord
C. Sensory organs
D. Eye

C. Sensory organs

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Vibrations on hair follicles in my ear: _____________

A baby crying: ______________

Sensation
Perception

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What do illusions reveal about the assumptions that the brain makes during perception?

A. Perception often depends on guesses
B. These assumptions are usually incorrect
C. Perception is not as useful as sensation
D. Our brains cannot be tricked

A. Perception often depends on guesses

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How do we know a certain object’s lightness (black, gray, withe, etc.)?

A. Measure how much light is entering the eye
B. Measure how much light is being absorbed minus how much is being reflected off the object
C. Measure how much light is reflected off the object
D. Guess how much light is hitting the surface

D. Guess how much light is hitting the surface

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A necker cube is an example of a _________________.

A. 3D image
B. Bi-stable image
C. Stable image
D. Dynamics image

B. Bi-stable image

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If you want to make out fine details of an image, which would you want to utilize?

A. Rods
B. Cones
C. Optic nerve
D. Bipolar cells

B. Cones

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Which feature is the most important in terms of image segmentation and edge detection?

A. A dark region
B. A light region
C. A point in the image where there is a sudden change from dark to light
D. A point in the image where there is gradual change from dark to light

C. A point in the image where there is a sudden change from dark to light

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According to Goodale and Milner, the dorsal/ventral visual streams are for ________________ and ________________.

A. Near vision; far vision
B. Action; perception
C. What; where
D. How; when

C. What; where

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All of these are Gestalt principles except ________________.

A. Law of similarity
B. Law of proximity
C. Good continuation
D. Law of occlusion

D. Law of occlusion

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Prosopagnosia is a deficit characterized by the inability to _________________.

A. Recognize objects
B. Perform a perceptual orientation matching
C. Perceive depth
D. Recognize faces

D. Recognize faces

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Which part of the brain shows greater activity when people engage in facial recognition task than when they perform other kinds of recognition tasks?

A. Fusiform face area
B. Lateral occipital cortex
C. Occipital lobe
D. Frontal lobe

A. Fusiform face area

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Processing that does not require specific knowledge of the stimulus.

Bottom-up processing

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Which of these is not considered a figure-ground cue?

A. Convexity
B. Symmetry
C. Smaller region
D. Good continuation

D. Good continuation

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_________ is a cue to depth based on the fact that our two eyes are in somewhat different positions on our head.

A. Motion parallax
B. Binocular disparity
C. Binocular convergence
D. Occlusion

B. Binocular disparity

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What is the distinction between sensation and perception?

Sensation is the conversion of physical properties of the world or body into a neural code by the peripheral nervous system. It takes place in the sensory neurons.

Perception is the processing and interpretation of the sensory information into a form that is useful for a behavioural decision.

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What is exteroception?

The sensing and processing of information from the external environment by the five basic senses: vision, audition, touch, taste and smell.

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Which sensory mechanism does each sense use to measure the properties of the environment?

Vision
Audition
Touch
Gustation
Olfaction

Vision — light entering the eye

Audition — vibrations in the air entering ear canal

Touch — pressure, heat, and vibrations on the skin

Gustation — substance-bound chemical compounds in the mouth

Olfaction — airborne chemicals in the nasal passage

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What is interoception?

The sensing and processing of information from inside the body.

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What is proprioception?

The perception of the location of the limbs in space.

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What is nociception?

The perception of pain due to internal bodily damage.

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What is equilibrioception?

The perception of bodily balance.

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What trajectory must the light go through to enter the eye?

Pass through the cornea. The cornea bends the light in order to help it land on the correct part of the back of the eye.
The light passes through a small opening in the iris, called the pupil
The light goes through the lens, which focuses the image.

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What structure of the eye causes light from above to fall onto the bottom of the back of the eye and vice-versa?

Pupil

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Name the structure in the back of the eye consisting of multiple layers of neurons, including photoreceptors in the final layer which transduce light.

Retina

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What are the two types of photoreceptors in the retina?

Rods and cones

What are the difference between what rods and cones can capture of the light?

**Rods** - very sensitive to light —> therefore can see in dim light, like at night - they have reduced resolution, so they can’t make out sharp details. - they all respond equally to different wavelengths of light —> so colour-blind **Cones** - are good for seeing under well-lit conditions, like daytime - they have higher resolution and can make out sharp details. - are more at the center of the retina, so center of vision field - three varieties that respond differently to different wavelengths of light (colours)

Do rods require more or less light than cones to be stimulated?

Less light

What is the center of the retina called?

Fovea

What is the purpose of the pre-processing done by the retina before it gets to the brain?

The primary purpose seems to be to compress or reduce the amount of information that the retina needs to send to the brain

What is the optic nerve?

A bundle of axons that transmit visual information from the retina to the brain.

Which structure receives around 90% of the visual information from the retina?

The **thalamus**

A subcortical region of the brain that serves as a way-station between sensory inputs and the cortex.

Thalamus

What is the primary visual cortex and its functions concerning vision?

It is the first region of the cortex to receive visual input. Its neurons respond to fairly simple patterns mostly consisting of oriented *edges* of particular sizes.

What is the visual hierarchy?

Different parts of the cortex are devoted to different kinds of processing. As we travel higher in the visual system, from the retina to the early, middle and late cortex, neurons respond to more and more complex properties.

Which of the following categories would neurons at the highest/latest levels of the visual stream likely be selective for? A. Oriented edges B. Specific objects and faces C. Specific shapes D. Spots of light

B. Specific objects and faces

A visual deficit that leads to an inability or difficulty in recognizing faces.

Prosopagnosia

A visual deficit leading to the inability to recognize objects.

Semantic agnosia

What is the lateral occipital cortex known for?

Selectively activated when people do an object recognition task.

What is the fusiform face area thought to do?

- recognize faces - but more recently thought to just be specialized for visual “expertise”. It is activated for faces because most people become face experts due to the social importance of being able to distinguish people;

Data from the Greebles study challenge which idea about functional localization in the brain? A. Specific brain regions are devoted to specific tasks. B. The fusiform face area is specialized to process faces. C. The fusiform face area is used for object recognition D. The fusiform face area is not specialized for any specific function.

B. The fusiform face area is specialized to process faces

What are the two streams after the visual input first reaches the visual cortex?

Dorsal stream and ventral stream

Where does the dorsal stream and ventral stream project to and terminate in the brain?

**dorsal** - it projects upward and terminates in the *parietal lobe* **ventral** - it projects downward and terminates in the *temporal lobe*

Mishkin and Ungerleider concluded that the ventral stream is for processing ____________ while the dorsal stream is for processing ____________.

What Where

Goodale and Milner, state that the dorsal/ventral streams process which kind of information, respectively?

Dorsal —> action Ventral —> perception

What do you call the visible portion of the ear made up of folded cartilage that serves to gather and transmit sound into the ear canal?

Pinna

What do you call the thin piece of tissue separating the ear canal from the inner ear that amplifies certain frequencies and passes them to a series of tiny bones?

Eardrum

What are the tiny bones in the ear called?

Ossicles

What is the cochlea?

A coiled, bony structure in the inner ear filled with fluid. Within this structure is the basilar membrane that contains tiny hair cells that are moved by vibrations in the fluid of the cochlea.

How are the hair cells in the cochlea organized?

In a tonotopic map - a spatial arrangement of neural structures in which locations are organized based on the frequency of sound they encode.

What does the primary auditory cortex seem to respond to?

Specific auditory properties such as pitch and rhythm.

What are the dorsal and ventral streams of audition hypothesized to be involved in?

Dorsal —> sound localization Ventral —> sound identification

What is a frequency?

A measure of the lengths of a wave defined as the distance between the crests of sequential waves.

How is frequency associated with pitch?

A low-frequency has a low pitch and a high-frequency has a higher pitch

What is the amplitude?

It is the height from the trough of the wave to its crest. A more powerful vibration will lead to higher amplitudes.

How is amplitude connected with loudness?

A lower amplitude means a quieter noise while a higher amplitude means a louder noise.

Where are sensory receptors for gustation more largely contained?

Taste buds

Where are taste buds located?

On the tongue

What are the five basic taste receptors types?

Sweetness Sourness Saltiness Bitterness Umami (savouriness)

What is the first region to receive information from the gustatatory sensory system?

Primary gustatory cortex

Name the strip of tissue in the nasal cavity that contains the chemical sensory receptors that support the sense of smell.

Olfactory epithelium

Where do the sensory neurons of olfaction send the transduced chemical information?

Olfactory bulb

Where is the olfactory bulb located?

It sits at the bottom of the forebrain, kind of beneath the eyes

To which brain structures does the olfactory bulb project?

To the amygdala and the hippocampus, etc.

What type of receptors respond to physical stimulation?

Mechanoreceptors

Where do the nerve endings project?

To the spine and then to the somatosensory cortex

What is the cortical homunculus?

A spatially organized map of the human body, contained within the somatosensory cortex, that processes touch information

Name the model of perception in which the sensory information is used to generate a mental model of the environment that is assumed to have caused the sensory stimulus.

Constructive perception

Name the theoretical approach to perception that holds that the sensory stimuli be used to guide behaviour in an action/perception loop.

Direct perception

When a given material absorbs a lot of light, how does it affect how the material is perceived? A. It will apear dark B. It will appear light C. It will appear colourful D. It will lack colour

A. It will appear dark

What are bi-table stimuli?

These are images in which you can see your brain “change its mind” when you look at them. Ex: 3D cube. Changing direction, etc.

A perceptual phenomenon in which missing sounds are filled in by the brain based in knowledge of language.

Phonemic restoration effect

Which of the following would be necessary in order to count the number of objects in an image? A. Depth perception B. Top-down processing C. Image segmentation D. Visual grouping

C. Image segmentation

What is figure-ground assignment?

The determination of which side of a boundary contains the shape versus the background,.

What is convexity?

It refers to the general bias to assign figure or ground such that the assigned figure has a shape in which more of the contour is protruding outward rather than inward.

What is symmetry?

It is the tendency to assign figure or ground such that the resulting figure has bilateral mirror symmetry.

Why is there a symmetry bias?

Because many real objects tend to have symmetry, and the brain simply guesses with what it already knows.

What is visual grouping?

The perception of discrete visual elements as forming a larger pattern or whole.

What are the three grouping cues/laws of Gestalt?

Similarity Proximity Good continuation

What is the law of similarity?

The tendency to group together features of the image that have similar properties in some dimension, such as colour or luminance.

What is the law of proximity?

Tendency to group features of the image that are close together

What is the law of good continuation?

Tendency to group together features that form a smooth, continuous path rather than those with a sharp discontinuity.

Why is depth information important?

To figure out how far an object is away from you in order to interact with it To determine the shape of an object, which is critical for recognition.

How do we infer depth?

- Objects that occlude (block) other objects, may be assumed to be in front. - Motion parallax —> the fact that objects farther away from you will change their position more slowly on your retina as you move. - binocular disparity

what is stereopsis?

The use of binocular disparity in perceiving depth.

A simple model of recognition that depends on directly matching an incoming image to an image of an object or category to determine whether that reach some threshold of similarity.

Template model

A form of recognition that consists of determining whether a given image corresponds to a specific individual or object.

Identification

What is a scene schema?

A learned representation of which objects tend to appear in specific kinds of scenes