Module 4 Flashcards
1
Q
It is the ability to perceive sounds.
A
HEARING
2
Q
The interpretation of auditory
information
A
HEARING
3
Q
Three Primary Functions
A
- To determine the location of the resources of the sound
- To recognize the identity of these resources
- To detect sounds
4
Q
It is produced by objects that vibrate and set molecules of air into motion.
A
SOUND
5
Q
When an object vibrates, its movements causes molecules of air surrounding it to alternate between compressing and expanding, producing waves that travel away from the object approximately 1,200 km/ hr.
A
SOUND
6
Q
Vibration ranges between approximately 30 to 20,000x/ sec –stimulates auditory receptor cells
A
SOUNDS
7
Q
Three Physical Dimensions of Sound
A
PITCH
LOUDNESS
TIMBRE
8
Q
it is determined by the frequency of vibration.
A
PITCH
9
Q
it is measured in hertz (Hz) or cycles per second
A
PITCH
10
Q
it is the function of intensity.
A
LOUDNESS
11
Q
it is the degree to which the compressions and expansions of air differ from each other
A
LOUDNESS
12
Q
it provides information about the nature of the particular sound
A
TIMBRE
13
Q
It helps to direct sound waves to the auditory receptors.
A
EAR
14
Q
Structures are organized by
their location:
A
❑ OUTER EAR
❑ MIDDLE EAR
❑ INNER EAR
15
Q
Small hollow regions of the ear.
A
MIDDLE EAR
16
Q
bones of the ear and set into vibration by the
tympanic membrane
A
Ossicles –
17
Q
- it is an efficient means of energy transmission.
A
Ossicles –
18
Q
▪ Sounds transmitted through the air is
transferred into its liquid medium.
A
COCHLEA
19
Q
It is the snail-shaped structure with 2 and 3 quarter turns of gradually tapering cylinder.
A
COCHLEA
20
Q
Approximately 3,500
Necessary for normal hearing.
A
Inner Auditory Hair Cells
21
Q
– auditory receptor cells
A
HAIR CELLS
22
Q
Bundle of axons of bipolar neurons that
sends auditory information to the brain
A
COCHLEAR
NERVE
23
Q
conveys action potential.
A
AXONAL PROCESS –
24
Q
Cochlear nerve cell bodies resides in the
A
Cochlear Nerve Ganglion
25
The source of the efferent axons.
SUPERIOR OLIVARY COMPLEX
26
Group of nuclei in the medulla
SUPERIOR OLIVARY COMPLEX
27
The efferent fibers
OLIVOCOCHLEAR BUNDLE
28
The fibers form synapses directly on outer hair cells
and on the dendrites that serve the inner hair cells.
OLIVOCOCHLEAR BUNDLE
29
Inhibitory Neurotransmitter at the Efferent Terminal Button
ACETYLCHOLINE
30
Large fiber bundle of axons of the neurons in the nuclei.
LATERAL LEMNISCUS
31
It received a separate tonotopic map of the auditory information from the ventral division from the medial geniculate nucleus.
CORE REGION
32
Primary auditory cortex.
CORE REGION
33
Surrounds the primary auditory cortex
BELT REGION
34
It receives information both from the primary auditory cortex and from the dorsal and medial divisions of the medial geniculate nucleus.
BELT REGION
35
It receives information from the belt region
PARABELT REGION
36
Highest level of auditory association cortex.
PARABELT REGION
37
Ends in the parietal cortex, involved
in perception of location
DORSAL STREAM
38
Ends in the inferior temporal cortex,
involved in perception of form.
VENTRAL STREAM
39
Begins in the anterior parabelt
region, involved with analysis of
complex sounds.
ANTERIOR STREAM
40
Begins in the posterior parabelt
region, involved with sound
localization
POSTERIOR STREAM
41
Moderate to High Frequencies.
▪ It occurs because acoustic stimuli of
different frequencies causes different
parts of the basilar membrane to flex
back and forth, triggering the
neurons in those locations to fire
PLACE CODING
42
▪ Low Frequencies.
▪ It occurs because lower frequencies
are detected by neurons that fire in
synchrony with the movements of
the apical end of the basilar
membrane
RATE CODING
43
It represented by an increased
rate if action potentials from
auditory hair cells.
HIGH
FREQUENCY
SOUNDS
44
t represented by number of
axons arising from the low-frequency detecting neurons
LOW
FREQUENCY
SOUNDS
45
– determining the beginning,
middle, and end of a sound
Overtones
46
Simultaneous arrival of sound at
each ear of different portions of
sound wave
Phase Difference
47
Compare binaural input and help
determine location
Coincidencedetecting Cells
48
Three Primary Functions (Vestibular System)
-Balance
-Adjustment of the eye movement to compensate for head movements.
-Maintenance of the head in an upright position
49
It respond to the force of gravity and inform the brain about the head’s orientation
VESTIBULAR SAC
50
It respond to angular acceleration (changes in the rotation of the head).
SEMI-CIRCULAR CANALS
51
Sense of tasting.
GUSTATION
52
It is important in maintaining both
adequate nutrition and quality of life.
GUSTATION
53
It helps us determine the tastes of
foods using taste receptors.
GUSTATION
54
It helps us determine the tastes of
foods using taste receptors.
GUSTATION
55
It is the composite of olfaction and
gustation.
FLAVOR
56
six qualities of taste
▪ Bitterness
▪ Sourness
▪ Sweetness
▪ Saltiness
▪ Umami
▪ Fat
57
It is detected by the sweetness receptors
from sweet-tasting foods.
SWEETNESS
58
It is detected by the saltiness receptors from
foods that contains sodium chloride
SALTINESS
59
It is a Japanese word that means “ Good Taste”
UMAMI
60
Umami receptor cells can detect what specific substance in foods stimulationg the quality of taste?
monosodium glutamate (MSG)
61
It is also known as the ear drum where the first vibration of sound happens
TYMPANIC MEMBRANE
62
It is the acidity taste from foods – unripe
fruits, spoil due to bacterial activity.
SOURNESS
63
Acidity tastes sour and causes avoidance reaction.
SOURNESS
64
It is the alkaloid tastes from foods.
BITTERNESS
65
It is detected by the bitterness receptors usually from plants.
BITTERNESS
66
It is detected by its odor and texture.
FAT
67
When fat reaches the tongue, some of the molecules are broken down into fatty acids by an enzyme also known as
lingual lipase
68
- small protuberances of the tongue.
Papillae
69
shaped like little plateaus .
Papillae
70
– it is in the anterior 2/3 of the tongue that contain up to eight taste buds, along with the receptors for pressure, touch, and temperature.
FUNGIFORM PAPILLAE –
71
consist of up to eight parallel folds along
each edge at the back of the tongue with an approximately 1,300 taste buds.
FOLIATE PAPILLAE –
72
arranged in an inverted V on the posterior third of the tongue
CIRCUMVALLATE PAPILLAE
73
consists of groups of 20 to 50 receptor cells,
specialized neurons arranged somewhat like the segments of an orange.
Taste Buds
74
t is located at the end of each cell and project through the opening of the taste bud (pore) into the saliva that coats the tongue.
Cilia
75
it form synapses with dendrites of bipolar neurons whose axons convey gustatory information to the brain through cranial nerves 7, 9, and 10.
Taste Receptor Cells
76
How long is the life span of a taste receptors cells
10 days
77
TRANSDUCTION OF GUSTATORY INFORMATION
Taste molecules bind with the Taste receptor cells -- Taste molecules will produce changes in membrane permeability -- RECEPTOR
POTENTIALS
78
It helps us to identify food and avoid food that has spoiled and is unfit to eat.
OLFACTION
79
t has numerous receptor cells –approximately 10M cells
OLFACTION
80
It helps the members of many species to track prey or detect predators and to identify friends,
foes, and receptive mates
OLFACTION
81
It is consists of volatile substances
having a molecular weight in the
range of approximately 15-300.
ODORANT
82
Almost all odorous compounds are
lipid soluble and of organic origin.
ODORANT
83
It is a two patches of mucous membranes where the olfactory receptor cells resides
OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM
84
10% - air that enters the nostrils reaches the olfactory epithelium.
OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM
85
OLFACTORY RECEPTOR CELLS
bipolar neurons
olfactory mucosa that
cribriform plate
86
It contains enzymes that destroy odorant molecules
SUPPORTING CELLS
87
It helps to prevent them from damaging the olfactory receptor cells
SUPPORTING CELLS
88
It contains free nerve endings of
trigeminal nerve axons.
OLFACTORY MUCOSA
89
It presumably mediate sensations of pain that can be produced by sniffing some irritating chemicals
trigeminal nerve axons.
90
It presumably mediate sensations of pain that can be produced by sniffing some irritating chemicals
OLFACTORY BULB
91
It receives a single axon from
olfactory receptor cells and
forms a synapse with dendrites
of mitral cells.
OLFACTORY BULB
92
Synapses take place in the
complex axonal and dendritic
arborizations.
OLFACTORY GLOMERULI
93
it projects directly to the amygdala and to two regions of the limbic cortex
OLFACTORY TRACT AXONS
94
what are the two regions of the limbic cortex:
❑ PIRIFORM CORTEX
(Primary Olfactory Cortex)
❑ ENTORHINAL CORTEX
