MODULE 2 Flashcards by Dynah Mhae Ballester

middle layer; it is soft and spongy, and it lies beneath the dura
meter.

ARACHNOID MEMBRANE

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It means “below”.

INFERIOR

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This is the inner layer, closest to your brain tissue.

PIA MATER

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It is the most protected organ of the body, encased in a tough, bony skull and floating in a pool of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

BRAIN

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Perpendicular to the ground and parallel to the neuroaxis. The midsagittal plane divides the brain into two symmetrical right and left
halves

SAGITTAL SECTION

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outer layer; is durable, thick, tough, and flexible but not stretchable.

DURA MATER

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It refers to, “towards the side”

LATERAL

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The ventricular system of the brain consists of a series of hollow, interconnected chambers called

VENTRICLES

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What are the three layers of meninges cns?

DURA MATER
PIA MATER
ARACHNOID MEMBRANE

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top of the head and the back are part

DORSAL

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an imaginary line is drawn through the length of the central nervous system, from the lower end of the spinal cord up to the front of the brain.

NEURAXIS,

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parallel cut to the middle of the brain, cutting off the upper and
the lower half of the brain.

HORIZONTAL SECTION

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receives a copious supply of blood and is chemically guarded by the blood-brain barrier.

BRAIN

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surface faces the ground.

VENTRAL

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towards the nose and mouth, what term

ROSTRAL

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Between the pia mater and the arachnoid membrane is a gap called

SUBARACHNOID SPACE

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refers to structures on the same side of the body.

IPSILATERAL

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It refers to “towards the middle”

MEDIAL

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The protective sheaths around the brain and
spinal cord

MENINGES

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for the tail end, what term

POSTERIOR

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transverse cut to the middle of the brain divides the brain into front and
back halves

CROSS-SECTION / FRONTAL SECTION

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for the front end, what term

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toward the tail, what term

CAUDAL

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refers to structures on opposite sides of the body.

CONTRALATERAL

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It means “above”,

SUPERIOR

Largest Chamber. It is connected to the third ventricle.

LATERAL VENTRICLE

It is located at the midline of the brain. Its walls divide the surrounding part of the brain into symmetrical halves

THIRD VENTRICLE

Long tube that connects the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle

CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT

Diamond-shaped cavity. ❑ It is located posterior to the pons and upper medulla oblongata

FOURTH VENTRICLE

It is manufactured by special tissue with an especially rich blood supply called

CHOROID PLEXUS.

The total volume of CSF is approximately

125ml

It is a complex organ that controls thoughts, memory, emotions, sensory and motor skills, temperature, hunger, and every process that regulates the body of a living organism.

BRAIN

What are the 3 Division of the Brain

FOREBRAIN / PROSENCEPHALON MIDBRAIN/ MESENCEPHALON HINDBRAIN/ RHOMBENCEPHALON

folds and wrinkles of the brain.

Convolutions

Surrounds the cerebral hemispheres.

CEREBRAL CORTEX

predominate cell bodies, give the grayish tan appearance.

GRAY MATTER

– large concentration of myelin sheaths give the opaque white appearance

WHITE MATTER

Location: Front of the central sulcus. ▪ Function: Action

FRONTAL LOBE

Location: Side of the cerebral hemisphere, behind the central sulcus, caudal to the frontal lobe. ▪ Function: Somatosensory

PARIETAL LOBE

Location: Forward from the base of the brain, ventral to the frontal and parietal lobe. ▪ Function: Auditory

TEMPORAL LOBE

Location: Back of the brain, caudal to the parietal and temporal lobes. ▪ Function: Visual

OCCIPITAL LOBE

It receives visual information. It is located in the occipital lobe at the back of the brain, on the inner the surface of the cerebral hemispheres, on the upper and lower areas of the calcarine fissures.

PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX

It receives auditory information. It is located in the temporal lobe, on the lower surface of a deep fissure in the side of the brain – lateral fissures.

PRIMARY AUDITORY CORTEX

It receives information from the body's senses.It is the vertical strip of the cortex, caudal to the central sulcus in the parietal lobe

PRIMARY SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX

It is the adjacent regions that receive information from the primary sensory area of the cerebral cortex.

SENSORY ASSOCIATION CORTEX

It divides the regions of the cerebral cortex to rostral and caudal areas

CENTRAL SULCUS

planning and executing behaviors.

ROSTRAL AREA

planning and executing behaviors.

ROSTRAL AREA

perceiving and learning.

CAUDAL AREA

perceiving and learning.

CAUDAL AREA

analyze the information received from the primary sensory cortex.

Circuits of neurons

It is directly involved in the control of movement. It is in front of the primary somatosensory cortex.

PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX

▪ It is located just rostral to the primary motor cortex. ▪ It basically controls the primary motor cortex. ▪ It directly controls the behavior

MOTOR ASSOCIATION CORTEX

the nucleus with a tail

CAUDATE

the shell

PUTAMEN

the pale globe

GLOBUS PALLIDUS

RELAY STATION

THALAMUS

bridge of gray matter that connects the two (2) lobes of the thalamus and pierce the middle of the third ventricle.

MASSA INTERMEDIA

Nuclei relay the sensory information to specific sensory projection area of the cerebral cortex.

THALAMUS

It controls the AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS), ENDOCRINE SYSTEM, organizes BEHAVIORS related to survival of organisms.

HYPOTHALAMUS

Pituitary gland attached to the hypothalamus via

pituitary stalk

produces and releases hormones.

ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND

store and release hormones.

POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND

hypothalamic hormones secreted from the hypothalamus.

NEUROSECRETORY CELLS

Roof of the Midbrain

TECTUM

It is part of the VISUAL SYSTEM. Visual Reflexes and reaction to stimuli.

SUPERIOR COLLICULLI

It is part of the AUDITORY SYSTEM. (Tectum)

INFERIOR COLLICULLI

❑ Covering of the Midbrain

TEGMENTUM

-Cell bodies that surrounds the cerebral aqueduct. - It contains neural circuits that control sequences of movement.

PERIAQUEDUCTAL GRAY MATTER

regulates sleep and arousal, attention, muscle tone movement, and vital reflexes.

RETICULAR FORMATION

It brings motor information from the cerebral cortex and cerebellum to the spinal cord.

RED NUCLEUS

It contains neurons whose axons projects to the caudate nucleus and putamen.

SUBSTANTIA NIGRA

Controls reward, motivation, cognition, and aversion.

Ventral tegmental Area

LITTLE BRAIN

CEREBELLUM

❑ It is critical in coordinating movements.

CEREBELLUM

Large bulge in the brain stem.

PONS

relays information from cerebral cortex to the cerebellum

large nucleus –

It contains parts of the reticular formation.

MEDULLA OBLONGATA

❑ It regulates CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM, RESPIRATION, and SKELETAL MUSCLE TONE.

MEDULLA OBLONGATA

Long, conical structure.

SPINAL CORD

SPINAL CORD protected by?

spinal column.

Collect somatosensory information to be passed on to the brain.

SPINAL CORD

Distribute motor bibers to the effector organs (glands and muscles).

SPINAL CORD

What are the 24 Individual vertebrae

❑ Cervical – 7 (C1-C7) ❑ Thoracic – 12 (T1-T12) ❑ Lumbar – 5 (L1-L5) ❑ Sacral ❑ Coccygeal

It passes to the holes of each vertebrae known as

SPINAL FORAMENS.

What are the 3 classification of nerves

Sensory, motor, mixed

How many nerves that were classified under sensory

How many nerves that were classified under motor

How many nerves that were classified under mixed

It starts at the junction of the dorsal and ventral roots of the spinal cord.

SPINAL NERVES

The direction of information is towards the CNS.

AFFERENT NEURONS

Outgoing axons

EFFERENT NEURONS

Leaving the spinal cord via ventral root, which joins the dorsal root, to make a spinal nerve.

EFFERENT NEURONS

The direction of the information is away from the CNS.

EFFERENT NEURONS

Incoming axons to the CNS.

AFFERENT NEURONS

The nerves outside the brain and the spinal cord.

PERIPHERAL NERVES

It relays information from the CNS to the body.

Sensation, Movement, and Motor Coordination.

PERIPHERAL NERVES

It travels to the muscle or sensory receptors it innervate, branching repeatedly.

SPINAL NERVES