Module 3 Flashcards by Dynah Mhae Ballester

Involve the cells of the nervous system that
are specialized to detect stimuli from the
environment.

SENSATION

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It is the conscious experience and
interpretation of the information from the
senses and involves neurons in the central
nervous system

PERCEPTION

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What is the sensory receptor of the sense of hearing

Pressure- sensitive hair cells in the cochlea of the inner ear

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Stimulus of Light

Light waves

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3 Perceptual Dimension of Light

HUE
BRIGHTNESS
SATURATION

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It is the origin of color we
see

HUE

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The visible spectrum displays the range of hues
that our eyes can detect.

HUE

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It is the intensity of the electromagnetic radiation.

BRIGHTNESS

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It refers to the purity of the light that is being
perceived

SATURATION

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If all the radiation is of one wavelength, the perceived color is pure or fully saturated

SATURATION

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hue + white =

tints

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hue + grey =

tones

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hue + black =

shades

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Specialized neurons that detect a variety of physical events.

Sensory Receptors

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Stimuli are detected by this that alter the membrane potentials of the cells.

Sensory Receptors

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It affects the release of neurotransmitters
and can modify the pattern of synapse formation.

Receptor Potential

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Inner lining of the eye

RETINA

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Images are focused here

RETINA

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Changes in the electrical
activity of sensory receptors of the eye
happens

RETINA

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This is where all the receptors located

RETINA

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It is the transparent outer layer at the front of the
eye

CORNEA

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It regulates the amount of light that enters the eye.

PUPIL

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It is the pigmented ring of muscles behind the
cornea.

IRIS

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It is a transparent, onionlike layers, situated
behind the iris

LENS

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UPWARD MOVEMENT

SUPERIOR RECTUS

OUTWARD

LATERAL RECTUS

UPWARD AND OUTWARD

INFERIOR OBLIQUE

DOWNWARD

INFERIOR RECTUS

INWARD

MEDIAL RECTURS

DOWNWARD AND OUTWARD

SUPERIOR OBLIQUE

It alters the shape of the lens through contraction.

CILIARY MUSCLES

Allowing the eye to focus images of near or distant objects on the retina

ACCOMMODATION

It is located at the main part of eye

VITREOUS HUMOR

It is a clear, gelatinous substance

VITREOUS HUMOR

2 PHOTORECEPTORS

RODS & CONES

(RODS OR CONES) Most prevalent in the central retina, found in the fovea

CONES

(RODS OR CONES) Sensitive to moderate to high levels of light

CONES

(RODS OR CONES) Provide information about hue

CONES

(RODS OR CONES) Provide excellent acuity

CONES

(RODS OR CONES)Most prevalent in the peripheral retina, not found in the fovea.

RODS

(RODS OR CONES) Sensitive to low levels of light

RODS

(RODS OR CONES) Provide only monochromatic information

RODS

(RODS OR CONES) Provide poor acuity

RODS

3 MAIN CELLULAR LEVELS OF THE HUMAN RETINA

❑ The photoreceptive layer ❑ The bipolar cell layer ❑ The ganglion cell layer

at the back of the retina and light must pass through the overlying layers to get to them. these layers are transparent

The photoreceptive layer

neurons whose two arms connect the shallowest and deepest layers of the retina.

The bipolar cell layer

neurons whose axons travel through the optic nerves and carry visual information into the rest of the brain

The ganglion cell layer

Both of which transmit information in a direction parallel to the surface of the retina and thus combine messages from adjacent photoreceptors.

❑ Horizontal Cells ❑ Amacrine Cells

no receptors are located here

BLIND SPOT

It is located at the back of the eye, where axons conveying visual information gather together and leave the eye through the optic nerve.

OPTIC DISK

It is the process by which energy from the environment is converted to a change in membrane potential in a neuron

TRANSDUCTION

It converts an external stimulus to an internal stimulus.

TRANSDUCTION

Changes in membrane potential can BE:

❑ EXCITATORY – Depolarizing ❑ INHIBITORY - Hyperpolarizing

Special chemical (transmembrane protein) that leads to visual perception.

Photopigments

It is embedded in the lamellae

Photopigments

thin plates of membrane that make up the outer segment of photoreceptors.

lamellae

2 Photopigment Molecules

OPSIN & RETINAL

❑ Protein ❑ Rhodopsin – rod opsin plus retinal.

Opsin

❑ Lipid ❑ Synthesized from Vitamin A

Retinal

– the receptors experience darkness.

DEPOLARIZING

– the receptors experience light.

HYPERPOLARIZING

Neurotransmitter which is regulated by the membrane potential.

Glutamate

photoreceptors are depolarized and constantly release glutamate into synapses with bipolar cells.

Dark

photoreceptors are hyperpolarized and less glutamate is release into synapses with bipolar cells.

Light

2 BIPOLAR CELLS RESPONSES

OFF CENTER BIPOLAR CELLS & ON CENTER BIPOLAR CELLS

❑ Hyperpolarized by glutamate. ❑ Synapses with the ganglion cells and influence the rate of firing.

ON CENTER BIPOLAR CELLS

❑ Depolarized by glutamate. ❑ Synapses with the ganglion cells and influence the rate of firing.

OFF CENTER BIPOLAR CELLS

t is the part of the visual field that an individual neuron “sees” – the place in which a visual stimulus must be located to produce response in that neuron

Receptive Field

❑ Central Vision

FOVEA

Vision is very acute

FOVEA

❑ Equal number of ganglion cells and cones

FOVEA

❑ Peripheric Vision

PERIPHERY

❑ Single ganglion cell that brings the visual information

PERIPHERY

Vision is less precise.

PERIPHERY

3 TYPES OF EYE MOVEMENT

VERGENCE MOVEMENT, SACCADIC MOVEMENT, PURSUIT MOVEMENT

Cooperative movements that keep both eyes fixed on the same target – or more precisely, that keep the image of the target object on corresponding parts of the two retinas

VERGENCE MOVEMENT

❑ Abruptly shift of gaze from one point to another.

SACCADIC MOVEMENT

Allowing the eyes move or move slowly

PURSUIT MOVEMENT

e axons of retinal ganglion cells bundled together.

OPTIC NERVE

It conveys information from the retina

OPTIC NERVE

X-shaped

optic chiasm

It is a portion of the thalamus that receive the visual information.

LATERAL GENICULATE NUCLEUS (LGN)

It is the first cortical area devoted to vision.

PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX (V1)

Dark-staining layers of cells. (striation)

STRIATE CORTEX

It is the second cortical area for vision processing.

VISUAL ASSOCIATION CORTEX (V2)

Surrounded by the striate cortex.

EXTRASTRIATE CORTEX

ENUMERATE VISUAL PATHWAYS

OPTIC NERVE - OPTIC CHIASM - LGN - V1 - V2

the eye detected different colors because it contained 3 types of receptors, each sensitive to a single hue.

TRICHROMATIC THEORY

the color might be represented in the visual system as opponent colors: red vs. green, yellow vs. blue.

OPPONENT- COLOR SYSTEM THEORY

-Confuse red and green. -The world is in shades of yellow and blue, both red and green look yellowish to them

PROTANOPIA

-Also confuse red and green, and also have normal visual acuity. -Their green cones appear to be filled with red cone opsin. -Dichromatic – two color

DEUTERANOPIA

-Rare, affecting less than 1 in 10,000 people. -Faulty gene that is not located on an X -Chromosome, prevalent in males and females. -Difficulty with hues of short wavelengths and see the world in greens and reds

TRITANOPIA