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BIO PSYCH > Module 3 > Flashcards

Module 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Involve the cells of the nervous system that
are specialized to detect stimuli from the
environment.

A

SENSATION

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2
Q

It is the conscious experience and
interpretation of the information from the
senses and involves neurons in the central
nervous system

A

PERCEPTION

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3
Q

What is the sensory receptor of the sense of hearing

A

Pressure- sensitive hair cells in the cochlea of the inner ear

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4
Q

Stimulus of Light

A

Light waves

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5
Q

3 Perceptual Dimension of Light

A

HUE
BRIGHTNESS
SATURATION

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6
Q

It is the origin of color we
see

A

HUE

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7
Q

The visible spectrum displays the range of hues
that our eyes can detect.

A

HUE

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8
Q

It is the intensity of the electromagnetic radiation.

A

BRIGHTNESS

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9
Q

It refers to the purity of the light that is being
perceived

A

SATURATION

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10
Q

If all the radiation is of one wavelength, the perceived color is pure or fully saturated

A

SATURATION

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11
Q

hue + white =

A

tints

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12
Q

hue + grey =

A

tones

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13
Q

hue + black =

A

shades

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14
Q

Specialized neurons that detect a variety of physical events.

A

Sensory Receptors

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15
Q

Stimuli are detected by this that alter the membrane potentials of the cells.

A

Sensory Receptors

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16
Q

It affects the release of neurotransmitters
and can modify the pattern of synapse formation.

A

Receptor Potential

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17
Q

Inner lining of the eye

A

RETINA

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18
Q

Images are focused here

A

RETINA

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19
Q

Changes in the electrical
activity of sensory receptors of the eye
happens

A

RETINA

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20
Q

This is where all the receptors located

A

RETINA

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21
Q

It is the transparent outer layer at the front of the
eye

A

CORNEA

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22
Q

It regulates the amount of light that enters the eye.

A

PUPIL

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23
Q

It is the pigmented ring of muscles behind the
cornea.

A

IRIS

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24
Q

It is a transparent, onionlike layers, situated
behind the iris

A

LENS

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25
Q

UPWARD MOVEMENT

A

SUPERIOR RECTUS

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26
Q

OUTWARD

A

LATERAL RECTUS

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27
Q

UPWARD AND OUTWARD

A

INFERIOR OBLIQUE

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28
Q

DOWNWARD

A

INFERIOR RECTUS

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29
Q

INWARD

A

MEDIAL RECTURS

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30
Q

DOWNWARD AND OUTWARD

A

SUPERIOR OBLIQUE

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31
Q

It alters the shape of the lens through contraction.

A

CILIARY MUSCLES

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32
Q

Allowing the eye to focus images of near or distant objects on the retina

A

ACCOMMODATION

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33
Q

It is located at the main part of eye

A

VITREOUS HUMOR

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34
Q

It is a clear, gelatinous substance

A

VITREOUS HUMOR

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35
Q

2 PHOTORECEPTORS

A

RODS & CONES

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36
Q

(RODS OR CONES) Most prevalent in the central
retina, found in the fovea

A

CONES

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37
Q

(RODS OR CONES) Sensitive to moderate to high
levels of light

A

CONES

38
Q

(RODS OR CONES) Provide information about hue

A

CONES

39
Q

(RODS OR CONES) Provide excellent acuity

A

CONES

40
Q

(RODS OR CONES)Most prevalent in the peripheral
retina, not found in the fovea.

A

RODS

41
Q

(RODS OR CONES) Sensitive to low levels of light

A

RODS

42
Q

(RODS OR CONES) Provide only monochromatic information

A

RODS

43
Q

(RODS OR CONES) Provide poor acuity

A

RODS

44
Q

3 MAIN CELLULAR LEVELS OF
THE HUMAN RETINA

A

❑ The photoreceptive layer
❑ The bipolar cell layer
❑ The ganglion cell layer

45
Q

at the back of the retina and light must pass through the overlying layers to get to them. these layers are transparent

A

The photoreceptive layer

46
Q

neurons whose two arms connect the shallowest and deepest layers of the retina.

A

The bipolar cell layer

47
Q

neurons whose axons travel through the optic nerves and carry visual information into the rest
of the brain

A

The ganglion cell layer

48
Q

Both of which transmit information in a direction parallel to the surface of the retina and thus combine messages from adjacent photoreceptors.

A

❑ Horizontal Cells
❑ Amacrine Cells

49
Q

no receptors are located here

A

BLIND SPOT

50
Q

It is located at the back of the eye, where axons
conveying visual information gather together and leave the eye through the optic nerve.

A

OPTIC DISK

51
Q

It is the process by which energy from the environment is converted to a change in membrane potential in a neuron

A

TRANSDUCTION

52
Q

It converts an external stimulus to an internal stimulus.

A

TRANSDUCTION

53
Q

Changes in membrane potential can BE:

A

❑ EXCITATORY – Depolarizing
❑ INHIBITORY - Hyperpolarizing

54
Q

Special chemical (transmembrane
protein) that leads to visual perception.

A

Photopigments

55
Q

It is embedded in the lamellae

A

Photopigments

56
Q

thin plates of membrane that make up the
outer segment of photoreceptors.

A

lamellae

57
Q

2 Photopigment Molecules

A

OPSIN & RETINAL

58
Q

❑ Protein
❑ Rhodopsin – rod opsin plus retinal.

A

Opsin

59
Q

❑ Lipid
❑ Synthesized from Vitamin A

A

Retinal

60
Q

– the receptors experience darkness.

A

DEPOLARIZING

61
Q

– the receptors experience light.

A

HYPERPOLARIZING

62
Q

Neurotransmitter which is regulated by the membrane potential.

A

Glutamate

63
Q

photoreceptors are depolarized and constantly
release glutamate into synapses with bipolar
cells.

A

Dark

64
Q

photoreceptors are hyperpolarized and less
glutamate is release into synapses with bipolar
cells.

A

Light

65
Q

2 BIPOLAR CELLS RESPONSES

A

OFF CENTER BIPOLAR CELLS & ON CENTER
BIPOLAR CELLS

66
Q

❑ Hyperpolarized by glutamate.
❑ Synapses with the ganglion cells and influence the rate of
firing.

A

ON CENTER
BIPOLAR CELLS

67
Q

❑ Depolarized by glutamate.
❑ Synapses with the ganglion cells and influence the rate of firing.

A

OFF CENTER
BIPOLAR CELLS

68
Q

t is the part of the visual field that an individual neuron “sees” – the place in which a visual stimulus must be located to produce response in that neuron

A

Receptive Field

69
Q

❑ Central Vision

A

FOVEA

70
Q

Vision is very acute

A

FOVEA

71
Q

❑ Equal number of ganglion cells and cones

A

FOVEA

72
Q

❑ Peripheric Vision

A

PERIPHERY

73
Q

❑ Single ganglion cell that brings the visual
information

A

PERIPHERY

74
Q

Vision is less precise.

A

PERIPHERY

75
Q

3 TYPES OF EYE MOVEMENT

A

VERGENCE MOVEMENT, SACCADIC MOVEMENT, PURSUIT MOVEMENT

76
Q

Cooperative movements that keep both eyes fixed on the same target – or more precisely, that keep the image of the target object on corresponding parts of the two retinas

A

VERGENCE
MOVEMENT

77
Q

❑ Abruptly shift of gaze from one point to
another.

A

SACCADIC
MOVEMENT

78
Q

Allowing the eyes move or move slowly

A

PURSUIT MOVEMENT

79
Q

e axons of retinal ganglion cells bundled
together.

A

OPTIC NERVE

80
Q

It conveys information from the retina

A

OPTIC NERVE

81
Q

X-shaped

A

optic chiasm

82
Q

It is a portion of the thalamus that receive
the visual information.

A

LATERAL GENICULATE NUCLEUS (LGN)

83
Q

It is the first cortical
area devoted to vision.

A

PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX (V1)

84
Q

Dark-staining layers of cells. (striation)

A

STRIATE CORTEX

85
Q

It is the second cortical
area for vision processing.

A

VISUAL
ASSOCIATION
CORTEX (V2)

86
Q

Surrounded by the striate cortex.

A

EXTRASTRIATE CORTEX

87
Q

ENUMERATE VISUAL PATHWAYS

A

OPTIC NERVE - OPTIC CHIASM - LGN - V1 - V2

88
Q

the eye detected different colors
because it contained 3 types of receptors, each
sensitive to a single hue.

A

TRICHROMATIC THEORY

89
Q

the color might be represented in the
visual system as opponent colors:
red vs. green, yellow vs. blue.

A

OPPONENT- COLOR SYSTEM THEORY

90
Q

-Confuse red and green.
-The world is in shades of yellow and blue,
both red and green look yellowish to them

A

PROTANOPIA

91
Q

-Also confuse red and green, and also
have normal visual acuity.
-Their green cones appear to be filled
with red cone opsin.
-Dichromatic – two color

A

DEUTERANOPIA

92
Q

-Rare, affecting less than 1 in 10,000 people.
-Faulty gene that is not located on an X
-Chromosome, prevalent in males and
females.
-Difficulty with hues of short wavelengths
and see the world in greens and reds

A

TRITANOPIA

BIO PSYCH (6 decks)

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