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cell biology > module 4 > Flashcards

module 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

autocrine

A

target cell produces own signaling molecule

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2
Q

paracrine

A

signaling molecule produced by a cell adjacent to target cell

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3
Q

endocrine

A

signaling molecule from a cell that is related in remote location from target cell

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4
Q

sensor

A

histidine protein kinase
pathway bacteria use

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5
Q

effector

A

response regulator aspartic acid protein kinase
pathway bacteria use

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6
Q

kinase

A

protein which can transfer a phosphate anion to another protein
-changes conformation and makes active/inactive

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7
Q

phosphatase

A

proteins which remove phosphate from another protein

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8
Q

quorum sensing

A

bacteria transcribes a gene to make a protein
the protein creates and releases AI into host environment
as bacterial colony density increases the concentration of AI increases and diffuses back into the bacteria
one gene acting as regulator for own gene

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9
Q

auto inducer

A

allow bacteria to communicate both within and between different species

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10
Q

half life

A

time taken for something to undergo half of a process

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11
Q

mitogen

A

lead to immune cell activation/ stimulation

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12
Q

cAMP

A

cyclic AMP
type of secondary messenger

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13
Q

DAG

A

can activate Protein kinase C which is a serine- threonine kinase

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14
Q

G-Protein Coupled Receptor

A

membrane bound receptor , 7 membrane spanning regions
link G-protein to outside signals
have ligand binding domains on ectoplasmic face
have cytosolic domains that activate G-protein

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15
Q

G-protein

A

protein that binds to GTP(on) and GDP(off), responds rapidly
act as on/off switch
activate downstream proteins

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16
Q

arrestin

A

may bind to inhibit further signal transduction during G-protein coupled receptor

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17
Q

adenylyl cyclase

A

example of downstream effector protein

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18
Q

beta-aneregenic receptor

A

downstream effectors
type of g protein coupled receptor

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19
Q

Phosphatidylinositol

A

phosphorylated twice to produce PI, P2

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20
Q

Inositol Triphosphate

A

ligand for a calcium channel on smooth muscle

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21
Q

protein kinase C

A

activated by DAG
serine- threonine kinase​

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22
Q

phospholipase

A

PI specific phospholipase cleaves phosphorylated inositol from lipid to produce 2 secondary messengers

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23
Q

receptor tyrosine kinase

A

auto phosphorylate themselves

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24
Q

auto-phosphorylation

A

phosphate added to protein kinase by itself

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25
Q

Receptor Tyrosine Linked Kinase

A

Receptors which lack kinase activity. These receptors rely on another molecule to phosphorylate and pass signal to cell effectors. Hence these receptors are Linked to a Tyrosine Kinase

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26
Q

Ras

A

on switch, signals mitogenic response

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27
Q

guanine exchange factor

A

replaces GDP with GTP to activate Ras

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28
Q

guanine dissociation inhibitor

A

inhibits the dissociation of GDP from Ras (guanine exchange factor)

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29
Q

GTPase activating protein

A

GAP
mediates ras
enables ras to hydrolyze gtp to gdp- ras inactive

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30
Q

mitogen activated protein

A

MAP

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31
Q

maturating promoting factor

A

MPF
factors present in cytoplasm cause cell cycle progression

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32
Q

ras activating factor

A

activated by ras
activates map kinase pathway to lead to cell proliferation
causes multi step phosphorylation cascade between downstream protein kinases

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33
Q

nuclear receptor

A

type 1-
bound to inactive form in cytoplasm or nucleus with HSP
ligand dependent (steroids)
type 2-
bound to gene and repressed, ligand dependent (thyroid)
orphan receptors

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34
Q

response element

A
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35
Q

orphan receptors

A

no identified ligand
in type 2 nuclear receptor

36
Q

Raloxifene-HCl

A

agonist in bone tissue for osteoporosis

37
Q

SERM

A

selective estrogen receptor modulators

38
Q

Tamoxifen/Taxol

A

Tamoxifen is antagonist for breast cancer

39
Q

agonist

A

target gene activation
binds to receptor inside a cell or on cell surface and causes same action as substance that normally binds

40
Q

antagonist

A

target gene repression
stops action or effect of a substance

41
Q

bleb

A

surface bleb formation due to apoptosis

42
Q

death domain receptor

A

external initiation of apoptosis through receptor

43
Q

BCl-2

A

interacts with bid
activated when stress signal detected by rer

44
Q

Bad, bax, bak

A

when activated, causes changed in mitochondria permeability

45
Q

procaspase

A

inactivated form of caspase

46
Q

caspase

A

apoptosis involves the activation of these

47
Q

executioner caspase

A

major is caspase 3
targets nucleus

48
Q

apoptosome

A
49
Q

APAF

A

apoptotic protease activating factor

50
Q

caspase 8

A

cleaves procaspase 3 to activate procaspase 3
can target mitochondria

51
Q

caspase 9

A

activates major executioner caspase (caspase-3) that targets the nucleus

52
Q

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)

A

bind to TNF receptor on plasma membrane
initiates receptor-mediated apoptosis pathway
external stress ligand

53
Q

TNF receptor

A

receptor activates death domains and recruit adaptor proteins (FADD and TRADD)

54
Q

adaptor death domain

A
55
Q

granzyme

A

Molecules for natural killer cells that activate caspase 3

56
Q

perforin

A
57
Q

Caspase Activated DNase ??

A

CAD
interacts with inhibitor of CAD, which changes cell fate

58
Q

convergance

A

multiple signals come to same effector, cell must base response on combination, timing, and strength of these signals

59
Q

divergence

A

same ligand may signal through different pathways based upon tissue type, receptor makeup, other signals

60
Q

crosstalk

A

different signaling cascades and pathways communicate with each other so multiple responses may occur from one signaling event causing multiple downstream events involving other pathways

61
Q

cytochrome-C

A

when released, serves as messenger for apoptotic protease activating factor-1 to convert procaspase 9 to act caspase 9

62
Q

SOS

A
63
Q

GRB2

A
64
Q

thyroid receptor

A

type II receptor
translocation to nucleus
remove compressor signal, activate gene transcription

65
Q

sterorid receptor

A

type I receptor
conformational changes and released from carrier
translocation to nucleus
dimerization of receptor/ ligand complex
DNA interaction, gene transcription

66
Q

g1 phase

A

normal growth and metabolism

67
Q

s phase

A

synthesis phase for DNA, chromosome duplication

68
Q

g2 phase

A

cell growth prior to mitosis, organelles replicate

69
Q

m phase

A

mitosis
cell divides copied DNA and cytoplasm to make two new cells

70
Q

cyclin a

A

regulate G2 and some of m phase activities
works with cdk 2

71
Q

cyclin d

A

regulate G 1 activities
must pair with cdk4/6

72
Q

cyclin e

A

regulate s phase activites
works with cdk2

73
Q

cyclin b

A

works with cdk 1
master regulator for M phase

74
Q

Cdk 4

A

works with cyclin d
Controls M ->G1 phase transition, highest concentration in g1

75
Q

Cdk 6

A

works with cyclin d
Controls M ->G1 phase transition, highest concentration in g1

76
Q

Cdk 2

A

works with cyclin a and cyclin e
controls s-> g2 phase transition, highest concentration in g2 (a)
Controls G1-> S phase transition, highest concentration in S (e)

77
Q

Cdk 1

A

works with cyclin b
controls g2 -> m phase transition, highest concentration in m

78
Q

26-S Proteasome

A

downregulates cyclin D in g1 phase?
proteolytic enzyme
cyclin taken to 26S proteasome after cyclin and CDK separate

79
Q

temperature sensitive mutants

A

used in cell division cycle mutants
yeast grow at 25 C but not 35 C

80
Q

ubiquitin

A
81
Q

ubiquitin ligase

A

adds a polyubiquitin chain to cyclin

82
Q

destruction box

A

specific targeting sequence recognized by proteins which bind ubiquitin to protein which needs to be destroyed

83
Q

polyubiquitin isopeptidase

A
84
Q

p21

A

stops cell from going through cell cycle
blocks cyclin/cyclin dependent kinase from being active

85
Q

p53

A

TF for p21
expressed when cell conditions are good

86
Q

MDM2

A

ubiquitin ligase
p53 expressed continually but gets degraded by ubiquitin proteosome pathway, done by interaction with MDM2

87
Q

retino blastoma

A

inhibits gene transcription by binding to TF E2F
when phosphorylated it releases E2F which transcribes cyclin E and cdk 2

cell biology (5 decks)

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