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cell biology > module 1 > Flashcards

module 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

homeostasis

A

the tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements, especially as maintained by physiological processes

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2
Q

gene speciation

A

gene that contributes to the splitting of two lineages by reducing the amount of gene flow between them.

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3
Q

HeLa cells

A

derived from human tumor cells
kept alive through nutrients (growth media)
provide method to experiment in in-vitro system that contains human cells

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4
Q

Genetic program

A

genetic information is used to
encode nucleic acids
used based on needs of cell or organism as a whole
conserved across life forms: different species carry similar genes

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5
Q

Blast

A

determines closeness in genetic code
first entry should be the sequence entered
max score value gives positive value of homology, higher the value, the more closely related
E-value gives probability result was random and not homologous, lower the number the greater the homology

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6
Q

ion channel

A

protein molecules that span across the cell membrane allowing the passage of ions from one side of the membrane to the other

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7
Q

bacteria

A

circular plasmid hold genetic makeup

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8
Q

“loss of function mutation”

A

A type of mutation in which the altered gene product lacks the molecular function of the wild-type gene

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9
Q

receptor

A

A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific effect in the cell.

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10
Q

paralog

A

genes related by duplication within a genome, may evolve to produce new functions, usually related to the original one

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11
Q

genome

A

complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organism.

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12
Q

dna

A

contains code prescribing rna codon, code is arranged in genes
deoxyribose sugar (has H at 2’ position)

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13
Q

rna

A

ribose sugar (has OH group at 2’ spot)
rna codon prescribes order of synthesis for amino acids in protein

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14
Q

differentiation

A

the normal process by which a less specialized cell undergoes maturation to become more distinct in form and function.

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15
Q

NCBI

A

data base managed by national center for biotechnology information
basic local alignment search tool used to search homology of protein of nucleotide sequences

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16
Q

vesicle transport

A

responsible for molecular traffic between a variety of specific membrane-enclosed compartments

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17
Q

virus

A

Submicroscopic particles which can not replicate without a host. Viruses consists of genetic material (RNA or DNA) and an encapsulating protein envelop (caspid).

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18
Q

ligand

A

substance that forms a complex with a biomolecule to serve a biological purpose
could be used as a signal when binds to protein

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19
Q

signal transduction

A

process by which a chemical or physical signal is transmitted through a cell as a series of molecular events, which ultimately results in a cellular response.

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20
Q

DNA replication

A

process by which the genome’s DNA is copied in cells.

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21
Q

nucleic acid

A

purine (2 ring) or pyrimidine (1 ring), ring structure contains N and C
makes up DNA and RNA

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22
Q

integrase

A

allows integration of viral DNA into the genome of the T-cell
ex: raltegravir

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23
Q

HIV

A

infects helper t-cells by gp120 protein
high mutation rate since reverse transcriptase is error prone
single strand RNA requires reverse transcriptase for making the DNA copy of the virus.

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24
Q

alpha-complementation

A

positive selection for gene introduction
used to determine success of cloning

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25
Q

homology

A

two genes derived from the same gene in a common ancestor

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26
Q

orthologue

A

genes in different species that evolved from a common ancestral gene by speciation, normally retain same function in the course of evolution

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27
Q

genetic material

A

passed from parent cells and helps determine characteristics

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28
Q

enzymes

A

used to achieve the activation energy to enable chemical reactions to occur rapidly

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29
Q

metabolism

A

total of cell’s chemical reactions

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30
Q

prokaryotes

A

cells without defined nuclear envelope

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31
Q

eukaryote

A

cells with defined nucleus separated from the cytoplasm by a membrane structure

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32
Q

bacteriophage

A

virus that can infect bacteria
genome is replicated by bacteria
can clone gene into the viral DNA, infect the bacteria, recover the DNA
can have selectable markers such as antibiotic resistance
During the lytic cycle of infection will release progeny DNA

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33
Q

reverse transcriptase

A

DNA polymerase enzyme that transcribes single-stranded RNA into DNA. This enzyme is able to synthesize a double helix DNA once the RNA has been reverse transcribed in a first step into a single-strand DNA.

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34
Q

hybrid

A

new species that has acquired a barrier to genetic exchange form parent species and are unable to produce fertile offspring

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35
Q

peptide bonds

A

covalent linkages of one amino acid to another
strong bonds
require energy to break
give protein a primary structure

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36
Q

glycosidic bonds

A

covalent oxygen bonds between sugars

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37
Q

phosphodiester bonds

A

bond that joins two RNA or DNA linkages
the 3’ end of one joins with the 5’ end of another

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38
Q

hydrogen bonding

A

Bonds C,G, A,T base pairs
helix stabilized by these bonds

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39
Q

ionic bonding

A

attraction between oppositely charged atoms where electrons are donated and accepted

40
Q

covalent bonding

A

chemical reactions formed when these are formed or broken
sharing of electrons

41
Q

hydrophobic interactions

A

interacts with nonpolar amino acids, side chains, and other lipid moieties
has these reactions with stacking bases that aid in helix stability

42
Q

motif

A

defined arrangements between conformations

43
Q

domain

A

distinct modules that fold individually of other portions of the proteins

44
Q

coiled-coiled motif

A

two or more alpha helices that wrap around each other

45
Q

helix loop helix motif

A

found in transcription factors which have DNA binding and protein interaction domains

46
Q

zinc finger motif

A

small protein structural motif that is characterized by the coordination of one or more zinc ions in order to stabilize the fold

47
Q

transcription factor

A

protein that controls the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA, by binding to a specific DNA sequence.

48
Q

channel

A

special arrangement of amino acids which embeds in the cell membrane, providing a hydrophilic passageway for water and small, polar ions

49
Q

transformation

A

term for putting plasmid into the bacteria

50
Q

transfection

A

term for putting plasmid into a eukaryotic cell

51
Q

fusion protein

A

have same dynamics as WT protein, is florescent and can be seen with florescent microscope
least two domains that are encoded by separate genes that have been joined so that they are transcribed and translated as a single unit, producing a single polypeptide

52
Q

probe and target

A

radioactive
blot membrane with probe of complementary sequence to DNA of interest

53
Q

RFLP

A

pattern of DNA after endonucleases cleave DNA restriction sites through out the genome of an individual
each person has unique pattern of fragments

54
Q

Bradford analysis

A

proteins quantitated by Coomassie blue conjugation and spectrometry at abs=595 nm
accurate at 1.0 microgram/ ml
prepare standard curve

55
Q

Palindromic

A

nucleic acid sequence in a double-stranded DNA or RNA molecule whereby reading in a certain direction on one strand is identical to the sequence in the same direction on the complementary strand.

56
Q

southern blot

A

use to know whether DNA sample contains homolog of gene of interest

57
Q

SDS

A

detergent that will denature proteins to rod shapes and cover them with uniform negative charges, will help spread on gel be determined my mw

58
Q

immunoprecipitaion

A

prepare cell/tissue
add primary antibody targeting protein of interest, to supernate
add secondary antibody conjugated with agarose resin
wash precipitated complexes and apply on SDS-PAGE

59
Q

cross-linking

A

process of forming covalent bonds or relatively short sequences of chemical bonds to join two polymer chains together.

60
Q

GFP

A

green fluorescent protein
fusion protein created containing this, should cause the protein to exhibit fluorescence

61
Q

site-directed mutagenesis

A

put mismatch on primer designed from inserted gene
use pcr to perform
method to create specific, targeted changes in double stranded plasmid DNA

62
Q

chimera

A

ingle organism that’s made up of cells from two or more individuals, contains two sets of DNA with code to make two separate organisms
ie: fetus absorbing twin

63
Q

gel filtration

A

used to separate proteins
high molecular weight macromolecules elute first
determine proteins in eluate using suitable assay
estimate approximate molecular weight of unknown proteins/ complexes using calibration curve with pre-run standard proteins of known mw

64
Q

restriction endonuclease

A

restriction enzymes cut at specific protein sequences, producing smaller pieces of DNA with specific ends
bacteria derived form enzyme that recognizes palindromic sequence of nucleotides and cleaves DNA backbone in a particular manner through the palindrome

65
Q

DNA denature

A

electrophoresis to separate DNA fragments and denature them, creates single stranded DNA

66
Q

EMSA

A

construct radioactive probe
mix hot DNA with protein mixture
separate non-denaturing gel by PAGE
dry gel on membrane
Use autoradiography to detect the bands from radiation on the DNA probe
use control to show specific DNA binding
Use a control to demonstrate specific protein

67
Q

blocking

A

prevents others from binding

68
Q

PCR

A

tool used to amplify DNA from genes for assays
makes possible to increase the amount of dna from small sample
uses principles of replication and melting/annealing cycles

69
Q

knock in/knock-out trangenic mouse

A

create a loss of function mutation of gene of interest in mouse and observe the phenotype
knockout= gene targeted and inactivated
knockin= alter mouse genetic sequence to add foreign genetic material

70
Q

analytical centrifugation

A

uses special centrifuge with detection optics to measure the moving speeds of components in a solution
output numbers are in Svedberg units

71
Q

PAGE

A

type of denaturing or nondenaturing gel
used to separate proteins by charge

72
Q

Primary and secondary antibodies

A

add to protein of interest to supernate

73
Q

yeast-2 hybrid

A

involves cloning of 2 plasmids to make fusion proteins

74
Q

primers

A

short stretches of DNA that target unique sequences and help identify a unique part of genome

75
Q

native gel/ non-denatured gel

A

uses non-denatured gels for the separation of proteins. Unlike SDS PAGE, no denaturing agent is added in the preparation of gels

76
Q

hydrophilic

A

water loving

77
Q

hydrophobic

A

water fearing

78
Q

acidic COO-

A

carboxyl group
amino acids contain

79
Q

basic NH3+

A

amino acid group
in amino acid structure

80
Q

OH Hydroxyl

A

serine
threonine
Tyrosine

81
Q

amphipathic

A

molecules that have polar and nonpolar ends
allows for interaction between aqueous cytosol and hydrophobic interactions with non-polar amino acids, side chains, and other lipid monities

82
Q

sulfhydrol

A

Sulfur and hydrogen bonded
mostly found in the oxidized form as disulfide linkages. The disulfide linkages contribute to the tertiary and quaternary structures of proteins.

83
Q

major groove

A

where the backbones are far apart

84
Q

minor groove

A

occurs where they are close together

85
Q

consensus sequence

A

sequence of DNA, RNA, or protein that represents aligned, related sequences

86
Q

Leeuwenhoek

A

used the microscope to observe unicellular organisms

87
Q

Hooke

A

sent by Royal Society to investigate early microscopy and described his observations as cells

88
Q

Schleiden

A

studied plant cells and yeast. Renowned for ability to study cell structure and organization from the microscope

89
Q

Schwann

A

Documented that tissues were comprised of nucleated cells

90
Q

Virchow

A

first doctor to describe leukemia, studied cellular pathology and encouraged the use of the microscope by doctors trying to understand the disease

91
Q

canine ditempter etiology

A

paramyxovirus

92
Q

cantine distempter

A

highly contagious virla disease
labile in environment, dies easily
“hard pad disease” hairy paws patches on nose

93
Q

canine distemper transmission

A

aerosol droplets
carriers shed for 2 months

94
Q

canine distemper incubation

A

3-7 days

95
Q

canine distemper diagnosis

A

fever w neurologic disease

96
Q

canine distemper treatment

A

fluids
caloric maintence
control pyrexia
control seizures with tranquilizers
antibiotics to prevent secondary infection

cell biology (5 decks)

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