module 31-41 new

Question 1

fixation?

Answer 1

inability to see a problem from a new persepective, that why some people get stuck on a problem and can never come to an answer, because they can’t see it from a different perspective

Question 2

mental set?

Answer 2

using a strategy that has worked in the past on a similar problem. Can be useful, because strategy might work again, can also be harmful (can cause fixation)

Question 3

confirmation bias?

Answer 3

tendency to search for information that supports our beleifs, and ignore/ distort contradictory evidence

Question 4

functional fixedness:

Answer 4

inability to see a novel use for something (students who ask what the point of doing math is display functional fixedness)

Question 5

representativeness heuristic:

Answer 5

juding the likelihood of something being in a certain category by how closely it seems to represent the protoype for that category. (ex poetry, truck driver, and professor situation)

Question 6

beleif perserverance:

Answer 6

clinging to beleifs even when discredited, tendency to form beleifs esaily, but to change them with difficulty

Question 7

framing?

Answer 7

How an issue is posed effects our decisions and judgement (ex gun control or gun safety)

Question 8

Phenomes:

Answer 8

smallest destinctive sound units in a language, english has about 40, 869 identifed (llamas, 5 phonemes)

Question 9

morphemes:

Answer 9

smallest units that carry meaning in a language. (llamas, 2 morphemes)

Question 10

Grammar?

Answer 10

Semantics (how meanings work, (the meaning of a sentence) s makes dog plural and ing means somethings happening now) and syntax rules (how words are ordered, blue car vs choche azul)

Question 11

babbling?

Answer 11

4 months or older, consonant-vowel pairs, by 10 months adult langugage can be heard by experts, we loose ability to hear most phonemes

Question 12

one word stage:

Answer 12

1 year, usually one syllable (ex. ma)

Question 13

two word stage:

Answer 13

before 2nd birthday, “telegraphic speech” usually noun verb combos ex “want candy”

Question 14

noam chomsky:

Answer 14

“universal grammar”, small number of grammar systems across all langugages, kids learn super fast, kids pick up grammar easily, critical period for language:7

Question 15

aphasia:

Answer 15

impairment of langugage, either by damage to Brocas area (speaking-left frontal) or wernikes area (understanding- left temprol)

Question 16

Lingustic determinism:

Answer 16

langugage determines (more accuartely influences) the way we think, whorf, (ex billingual people have different self concepts in different languages)

Question 17

reliability:

Answer 17

the degree to which an assesment tool gives stable, consistent results, repeatibility

Question 18

The two forms of reliabiility:

Answer 18

test-retest reliability- scores on two versions of the test highly correlated. Split half relaibility- scores on first and second halves of tests are highly correlated

Question 19

validity:

Answer 19

the degree to which an assesment tool measures (or predicts) what it is supposed to measure

Question 20

the two types of validity?

Answer 20

Content (face) Validity: test appears to have the appropriate content (ex a driving test involves driving). Predictive Validity: the test predicts what it is supposed to

Question 21

reliable/valid? students who take the ACT twice often get very similar scores, the act predicts college grades modestly well

Answer 21

reliable and valid!

Question 22

sensory memory:

Answer 22

the immediate, very breif recording of sensory information in the memory system

Question 23

short term memory:

Answer 23

memory that holds a few items breifly before the information is stored or forgotten

Question 24

long term memory:

Answer 24

relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system

Question 25

explicit memories:

Answer 25

reattention of facts and expirences from long term memory that one can conciously declare, encode thru effortful processing, requires attention and concoius effort

Question 26

Implicit memories:

Answer 26

reattention of learned skills or classicaly conditioned associations, independent of concious recollection. automatic processing: unconcious encoding of incidental information:space, time, frequency, well learned information

Question 27

Iconic memory:

Answer 27

a fleeting sensory memory of visual stimuli, lasts about a tenth of a second

Question 28

echoic memory:

Answer 28

sensory memory of auditory stimuli, uses your own echoic chamber, lasts 3-4 seconds

Question 29

Working memory/ limits of it?

Answer 29

short-term memory is also called working memory, it refers to what we breifly retain, also includes active processing, brain makes sense of incoming information and links it w stored memories. We can store between 5-9 peices of information in our short term memory

Question 30

effortfull processing strategys: Chunking?

Answer 30

organizing items into familair, mangagable units, meaningful.

Question 31

mneomics?

Answer 31

memory aids that trigger vivid imagery and organizational devices (ex ROYGBIV)

Question 32

hierarchies?

Answer 32

categorize words into hierarchies to help recall them, useful in grocery store when remembering what to get

Question 33

spacing effect:

Answer 33

the tendency for distributed study time to yeild better long-term retention than is achieved thru massed study (cramming)

Question 34

testing effect:

Answer 34

repreated self testing, testing improves memeory, test yourself on things you want to remember

Question 35

shallow processing?

Answer 35

encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words

Question 36

deep processing?

Answer 36

encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words, tends to yeild the best reattention

Question 37

explicit memories are either?

Answer 37

semantic-(facts and general knowledge, left frontal lobe) or episodic-(expeirenced events, ex i went to urban air for my 11th birthday,right frontal lobe)

Question 38

explicit memories are processed where?

Answer 38

in the hippocampus, hippocampus acts as a save button for explicit memories, it captures the smell/feel/sound/location of the situation, but it acts more as a loading doc and then sends memories to memory consolidation, where they go for storeage elsewhere.

Question 39

sleep induced memory consolidation helps explain what?

Answer 39

spacing effect

Question 40

hippocampus and frontal lobes are processing sites for what kind of memories?

Answer 40

explicit

Question 41

what are implicit memories? what two brain structures are used

Answer 41

motor skills, newly conditioned associatons, space, time, frequency. cerebellum, basal ganglia

Question 42

cerebellum plays a role in implicit memory:

Answer 42

learning and memory, movement and balance. plays a role in forming implicit memories created by classical conditoning

Question 43

basal ganglia plays what role in implicit memroy:

Answer 43

motor movement, formal procedure memories for nondeclarative skills

Question 44

infantile amnesia?

Answer 44

first 4 years of life is largely blank. why? much of our explicit memory goes to language, hippocampus isn’t mature yet

Question 45

what is a flashbulb memory?

Answer 45

a clear, sustained long-term memory of an emotionally significant event. (ex people who were alive during 9/11 remember exactly where they were when they found out what had happened)

Question 46

Long term potentiation (LTP)?

Answer 46

an increase in a cells firing potential after a breif, rapid stimulation, neural basis for learning and memory

Question 47

what are the best retrevial cues?

Answer 47

smells, tastes, and sights that can evoke our memory of the assocaited person or event

Question 48

priming?

Answer 48

activation, unconsioulsy or particular associations in long term implicit memory. exposure to stimulus influences response to later stimulus. (ex seeings the word rabbit, activates concept, primes spell the word “hare” as hare as opposed to hair)

Question 49

context dependent memory?

Answer 49

putting yourself back in the context where you earlier expirenced something can prime your memory retrevial. remebering, in many ways depeneds on environment

Question 50

encoding specifictiy principle?

Answer 50

the idea that cues and context specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it

Question 51

state dependent memory:

Answer 51

what ever state you were in when you learned the information (ex drunk or high) you will recall it better when you are in that state again

Question 52

mood congruent memory?

Answer 52

the tendecny to recall expirences that are consistent with ones current (good or bad) emotional state

Question 53

serial postiton effect?

Answer 53

our tendency to recall best the last (recency effect) and the first (primary effect) in a list

Question 54

anterograde amnesia?

Answer 54

an inability to form new memories due to injury or illness

Question 55

reterograde amnesia?

Answer 55

an inability to retreive information from ones past due to injury or illness

Question 56

why do we forget?

Answer 56

encoding failure(much of what we sense we never notice,and what we fail to encode we will never remember), storage decay(memory for novel information fades out quickly), retrevial failure(we store in long term memory what is rehearsed, we’ve reveiwed it a couple times)

Question 57

proactive interferance?

Answer 57

the old stuff you learned last month is getting in the way of the new stuff you are trying to remeber now (ex you changed your email password last week but you still keep typing in the old passowrd)

Question 58

retroactive interferance

Answer 58

the new stuff you leanred this week is making it hard to remember the stuff you learned a few months ago (someone sings new lyrics to the tune of an old song, you may have trouble remembering the original words)

Question 59

what is repression?

Answer 59

basic defense mechanism that bashes from conciousness anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

Question 60

what is reconsolidation?

Answer 60

a process in which previously stored memories, when retreived , are potenailly altered before being stored again

Question 61

misinformation effect? imagination effect?

Answer 61

occurs when misleading information has distorted ones memory of an event. repeadetly imagining nonexistent actions and events can create false memories (occurs because visualizing something and actually perceving it active similar brain areas)

Question 62

source amnesia?

Answer 62

a faulty memory of how, when, or where information was learned or imagined, effects persons explicit memories , along with misinformation effect

Question 63

deja vu?

Answer 63

the eerie sense of “ive expirenced this before” cues of a current situation that unconciously trigger retrevial of an ealier expirence, could be caused by source amnesia

Question 64

if you link what your reading to other things you know you are using _______ memory to hold everything in mind at once

Answer 64

working memory

Question 65

four is a door is an example of what mnomic method?

Answer 65

Peg-word method