module 31-41 new Flashcards
fixation?
inability to see a problem from a new persepective, that why some people get stuck on a problem and can never come to an answer, because they can’t see it from a different perspective
mental set?
using a strategy that has worked in the past on a similar problem. Can be useful, because strategy might work again, can also be harmful (can cause fixation)
confirmation bias?
tendency to search for information that supports our beleifs, and ignore/ distort contradictory evidence
functional fixedness:
inability to see a novel use for something (students who ask what the point of doing math is display functional fixedness)
representativeness heuristic:
juding the likelihood of something being in a certain category by how closely it seems to represent the protoype for that category. (ex poetry, truck driver, and professor situation)
beleif perserverance:
clinging to beleifs even when discredited, tendency to form beleifs esaily, but to change them with difficulty
framing?
How an issue is posed effects our decisions and judgement (ex gun control or gun safety)
Phenomes:
smallest destinctive sound units in a language, english has about 40, 869 identifed (llamas, 5 phonemes)
morphemes:
smallest units that carry meaning in a language. (llamas, 2 morphemes)
Grammar?
Semantics (how meanings work, (the meaning of a sentence) s makes dog plural and ing means somethings happening now) and syntax rules (how words are ordered, blue car vs choche azul)
babbling?
4 months or older, consonant-vowel pairs, by 10 months adult langugage can be heard by experts, we loose ability to hear most phonemes
one word stage:
1 year, usually one syllable (ex. ma)
two word stage:
before 2nd birthday, “telegraphic speech” usually noun verb combos ex “want candy”
noam chomsky:
“universal grammar”, small number of grammar systems across all langugages, kids learn super fast, kids pick up grammar easily, critical period for language:7
aphasia:
impairment of langugage, either by damage to Brocas area (speaking-left frontal) or wernikes area (understanding- left temprol)
Lingustic determinism:
langugage determines (more accuartely influences) the way we think, whorf, (ex billingual people have different self concepts in different languages)
reliability:
the degree to which an assesment tool gives stable, consistent results, repeatibility
The two forms of reliabiility:
test-retest reliability- scores on two versions of the test highly correlated. Split half relaibility- scores on first and second halves of tests are highly correlated
validity:
the degree to which an assesment tool measures (or predicts) what it is supposed to measure
the two types of validity?
Content (face) Validity: test appears to have the appropriate content (ex a driving test involves driving). Predictive Validity: the test predicts what it is supposed to
reliable/valid? students who take the ACT twice often get very similar scores, the act predicts college grades modestly well
reliable and valid!
sensory memory:
the immediate, very breif recording of sensory information in the memory system
short term memory:
memory that holds a few items breifly before the information is stored or forgotten
long term memory:
relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
explicit memories:
reattention of facts and expirences from long term memory that one can conciously declare, encode thru effortful processing, requires attention and concoius effort
Implicit memories:
reattention of learned skills or classicaly conditioned associations, independent of concious recollection. automatic processing: unconcious encoding of incidental information:space, time, frequency, well learned information
Iconic memory:
a fleeting sensory memory of visual stimuli, lasts about a tenth of a second
echoic memory:
sensory memory of auditory stimuli, uses your own echoic chamber, lasts 3-4 seconds
Working memory/ limits of it?
short-term memory is also called working memory, it refers to what we breifly retain, also includes active processing, brain makes sense of incoming information and links it w stored memories. We can store between 5-9 peices of information in our short term memory
effortfull processing strategys: Chunking?
organizing items into familair, mangagable units, meaningful.
mneomics?
memory aids that trigger vivid imagery and organizational devices (ex ROYGBIV)
hierarchies?
categorize words into hierarchies to help recall them, useful in grocery store when remembering what to get
spacing effect:
the tendency for distributed study time to yeild better long-term retention than is achieved thru massed study (cramming)
testing effect:
repreated self testing, testing improves memeory, test yourself on things you want to remember
shallow processing?
encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words
deep processing?
encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words, tends to yeild the best reattention
explicit memories are either?
semantic-(facts and general knowledge, left frontal lobe) or episodic-(expeirenced events, ex i went to urban air for my 11th birthday,right frontal lobe)
explicit memories are processed where?
in the hippocampus, hippocampus acts as a save button for explicit memories, it captures the smell/feel/sound/location of the situation, but it acts more as a loading doc and then sends memories to memory consolidation, where they go for storeage elsewhere.
sleep induced memory consolidation helps explain what?
spacing effect
hippocampus and frontal lobes are processing sites for what kind of memories?
explicit
what are implicit memories? what two brain structures are used
motor skills, newly conditioned associatons, space, time, frequency. cerebellum, basal ganglia
cerebellum plays a role in implicit memory:
learning and memory, movement and balance. plays a role in forming implicit memories created by classical conditoning
basal ganglia plays what role in implicit memroy:
motor movement, formal procedure memories for nondeclarative skills
infantile amnesia?
first 4 years of life is largely blank. why? much of our explicit memory goes to language, hippocampus isn’t mature yet
what is a flashbulb memory?
a clear, sustained long-term memory of an emotionally significant event. (ex people who were alive during 9/11 remember exactly where they were when they found out what had happened)
Long term potentiation (LTP)?
an increase in a cells firing potential after a breif, rapid stimulation, neural basis for learning and memory
what are the best retrevial cues?
smells, tastes, and sights that can evoke our memory of the assocaited person or event
priming?
activation, unconsioulsy or particular associations in long term implicit memory. exposure to stimulus influences response to later stimulus. (ex seeings the word rabbit, activates concept, primes spell the word “hare” as hare as opposed to hair)
context dependent memory?
putting yourself back in the context where you earlier expirenced something can prime your memory retrevial. remebering, in many ways depeneds on environment
encoding specifictiy principle?
the idea that cues and context specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it
state dependent memory:
what ever state you were in when you learned the information (ex drunk or high) you will recall it better when you are in that state again
mood congruent memory?
the tendecny to recall expirences that are consistent with ones current (good or bad) emotional state
serial postiton effect?
our tendency to recall best the last (recency effect) and the first (primary effect) in a list
anterograde amnesia?
an inability to form new memories due to injury or illness
reterograde amnesia?
an inability to retreive information from ones past due to injury or illness
why do we forget?
encoding failure(much of what we sense we never notice,and what we fail to encode we will never remember), storage decay(memory for novel information fades out quickly), retrevial failure(we store in long term memory what is rehearsed, we’ve reveiwed it a couple times)
proactive interferance?
the old stuff you learned last month is getting in the way of the new stuff you are trying to remeber now (ex you changed your email password last week but you still keep typing in the old passowrd)
retroactive interferance
the new stuff you leanred this week is making it hard to remember the stuff you learned a few months ago (someone sings new lyrics to the tune of an old song, you may have trouble remembering the original words)
what is repression?
basic defense mechanism that bashes from conciousness anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
what is reconsolidation?
a process in which previously stored memories, when retreived , are potenailly altered before being stored again
misinformation effect? imagination effect?
occurs when misleading information has distorted ones memory of an event. repeadetly imagining nonexistent actions and events can create false memories (occurs because visualizing something and actually perceving it active similar brain areas)
source amnesia?
a faulty memory of how, when, or where information was learned or imagined, effects persons explicit memories , along with misinformation effect
deja vu?
the eerie sense of “ive expirenced this before” cues of a current situation that unconciously trigger retrevial of an ealier expirence, could be caused by source amnesia
if you link what your reading to other things you know you are using _______ memory to hold everything in mind at once
working memory
four is a door is an example of what mnomic method?
Peg-word method
