final (module 4-8)

Question 1

hindsight bias?

Answer 1

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it (the I knew it all along phenomenoa)

Question 2

Overconfidence?

Answer 2

humans tend to be more confident than correct

Question 3

theory?

Answer 3

explains behaviors or events by offering ideas that organize observations and predict behaviors or events

Question 4

hypothesis?

Answer 4

a testable prediction, often implied by a theory

Question 5

operational definiton?

Answer 5

a carefully worded statement of exact prodcedures (operations) used in the study. (ex. human intellegence may be an operational definiton as what an intellegnce test meaures)

Question 6

Replication?

Answer 6

repeating the essence of a research study, with different participants in different situations, to see wether the basic finding can be reproduced

Question 7

what makes up the scientific method?

Answer 7

theories, hypothesis, reasarch + observations

Question 8

What is a case study?

Answer 8

a technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

Question 9

naturalistic observation?

Answer 9

a technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occuring situations, without try to manipulate or control the situation (ex. watching chimpanzee societies in the jungle)

Question 10

survey?

Answer 10

a technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, (random sample) of the group. (ex 68% of all humans-say that religion is important in theri life)

Question 11

sampling bias?

Answer 11

to generalize from a few vivid but unrepresentative cases, produces an unrepresentative sample

Question 12

Population?

Answer 12

the whole group that you want to study, all those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn

Question 13

random sample?

Answer 13

every person in the group has an equal chance of participating, a sample that fairly represents a population

Question 14

correlate?

Answer 14

one trait or behavior tends to coindice with another; how well either factor predicts one another. (1, or -1, correlates 100%)

Question 15

correlational coefficent?

Answer 15

a statistical index of the relationship between two things (1 or -1 correclates 100%)

Question 16

variables?

Answer 16

anything that can vary and is feasible and ethical to measure

Question 17

scatterplot?

Answer 17

a graph of clustered dots, each represnts the value of two variables (like a point on a graph), the dots all together suggest the relationship of the two things you are comparing

Question 18

illusory correlation?

Answer 18

preciving a relationship between two things where no relationship exists, preciving a stronger then actual relationship (believing dreams forecast events)

Question 19

regression tword the mean?

Answer 19

the tendency for extreme or unusual scores or events to fall back (regress) to the mean. (ex. students who score much lower on a test than they usually would, would return to their average the next test they take)

Question 20

expirement?

Answer 20

expirements enable researchers to isolate the effects of one or more factors by (1) manipulating the factors of interest (2) holding constant (controlling) other factors, to do this they create and expiremental group and a control group

Question 21

randomly assign?

Answer 21

to minimize any prexisting differences between the two groups, you must ranomly assign people to each group, random assignment effecitvely equailizes the 2 groups.

Question 22

placebo effect?

Answer 22

experimental results causes by expectations alone, thinking getting a pill will relive your pain, and reporting that you have less pain when the pill was actaully fake (placebo pill)

Question 23

validity?

Answer 23

the extent to which a test or expirement measures or predicts what it is supposed to

Question 24

informed consent?

Answer 24

giving a potential participant enough info about a study to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate, must do

Question 25

debreif?

Answer 25

the postexpiremental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants

Question 26

what are the safety factors someone participating in a psychology expirement must recive?

Answer 26

obtain informed consent, protect participants from unusual harm and discomfort, keep information about participants confidential, fully debreif the person after the expirement is done

Question 27

descriptive statistics?

Answer 27

once rearchers gather their data, they may use descriptive statistics to measure and desribe characteritics of the group under study, similair to teachers using tests to see how well their students learned the knowledge; meaures of central tendency and variation

Question 28

histogram?

Answer 28

a BAR GRAPH depicting a frequency of distribution (ex percentage of cars still function after 10 years)

Question 29

Mean (1), Median (2), Mode (3)

Answer 29

1- the average of distribution (adding the scores dividing them by the number of scores), 2-the middle score in a distribution, 3-the most frequently occuring score. all measures of central tendency

Question 30

Skewed distribution?

Answer 30

a represantation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value, makes using mean especailly difficult. (ex the averge test score is 80% and someone gets 10%)

Question 31

Range?

Answer 31

the difference between the highest and lowest score ( measure of variaton)

Question 32

standard deviation?

Answer 32

a computed measurement of how much scores vary around the mean score. (measure of variation)

Question 33

normal curve?

Answer 33

symetrical curve that describes the distribution of many types of data. 95% of people fall between two standard deviations of the mean, 68% of people fall within one standard deviation

Question 34

statistical significance?

Answer 34

a statistical statement how likely it is that an obtained result is due to chance, error bars overlap, no statistucal significane

Question 35

inferrential statistics?

Answer 35

determine how reliable and statifticallly significant differences are; numerical data that allows one to generalize- to infer from sample data the probability of something being true to a population