final exam (module 1, 2 and 3) Flashcards
nature is most important (mind born with ideas)+ mind body dualism- mind and body are separte
Rene Descartes, socrates, plato
By seeking to measure “atoms of the mind” who established the first psychology lab?
Wilhelm Wundt
who coined the term tabula rasa (blank slate) to help explain the impact expirence has on shaping an individual?
John Locke
Philosphers that concluded that mind is separable from the body and continues after the body dies, nature is the most important, mind-body dualism, mind and body are separate
Socrates, Plato, (Descartes)
who? “There is nothing in the mind that is not first in the senes”
Aristotle
Empircism?
The idea that what we know comes from expirence, observation and experimenation enable scientific knowlage
Structuralism?
figure out the structure of human experince/ mind (atoms of the mind; thoughts, images, emotions, memories), figure out laws of interaction, how these things are related. Wundt and Titchener
Introspection?
Process of looking inward in attempt to directly observe ones own psychological process; unsuccessful, requiried smart, verbal people, varied from person to person. Titchener studied this
functionalism?
promoted by william james influenced by charles darwin, explored how mental and behavior process function, how they enable an organism to adapt, flourish, surive (william james, emotions, memories, habits, willpower)
Mary Calkins
Worked with james, first woman in psychology, denied her degree from harvard
Behavoralism?
the veiw that psychology (1) should be an objective science that studies (2) behavior without reference to mental process. most psychologists agree w 1 not 2. John Watson, BF Skinner
B.F. Skinner?
behavoiralist; rejected introspection and studied how consequences shape behavior
John Watson?
championed psychology as the scientific study of behavior, showed that fear could be learned
Freud; Psychoanalytic psychology
unconcious mind and childhood expirences affect our behavior, unconcious sexual conflicts and the minds defense agaisnt its own wishes and impulses
Humansitic Psychology
Carl Rodgers, Abraham Maslow; emphasized human growth potential
Cognitive Psychology
study of mental processes (how we perceive, process, and remember info); occurs when we perceive, learn, remember, think, communicate, and solve probelms
Cognitive Neuroscience
studies brain activity underlying mental activity; brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)
Definiton of Psychology
the science of behavior and mental process. Behavior, anything the organism does, mental processes- the internal subjective expirences we infer from behavior (sensations, perceptions, dreams, thoughts, belief, ideas)
Nature-nurture issue:
are human traits inherited or do they develop through experince? the relative contributions that genes and expeirnce make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors
natural selection:
from among chance variations, nature selects tratis that best enable an organism to surive and reproduce in a particular enviornment, the ones that get the particular trait will be the most likely to succeed
Evolutionary Psycology:
how are humans alike because of our common biology and evolutionary history? the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection
behavior genetics:
how do humans individually differ because of our differing genes and enviroments? the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and enviromental influences on behavior
culture:
shared ideas and behaviors that one generation passes onto the next. our culture shapes our behavior
positive psychology:
Martin Seligman; the scientific study of human flourshing, with the foals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive. happiness is by-product of a pleasant and meaningful life.
biopsychosocial approach:
an integrated approach that incorperates biological, psychological, and social-cultural viewpoints, as a reason to why someone behaviors the way they do
behavioral psychology:
the scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning (someone working from this persepctive might attempt to determine what triggers angry responses or aggressive acts)
biological psychology:
the scientific study of the links between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal) and psychological processes. (someone working on this perspective would study what brain circuits that cause us to be red in the face when we are embarassed)
Psychodynamic perspective:
evolved from freuds perspective, studies how unconcious drives and conflicts influence behavior and uses that information to treat people with psyhological disorders (someone from this perspective mgith veiw on outburst as on outlet for unconcious hostility)
social cultural:
the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking (someone from this persepctive might explore how expressions of anger vary across cultural contexts)
testing effect:
enchanced memory after retriving, rather than simply rereading information
SQ3R testing method:
method incorperates these steps: survey, question, read, retreive, reveiw
Psychometrics:
the scientific study of the measurement of human abilites, attitudes, and traits
basic research:
psychologists conduct basic reasearch, that builds psychologies knowledge base. pure science that aims to increase the scienfitic knowledge base
developmental psychology:
studies our changing abilites from womb to tomb; studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span
educational psych:
study influences on teaching and learning; study of how the psycholgoical processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning
social psych:
explore how we veiw and effect one another; study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
applied research:
scientific study that aims to solve pratical problems, different psychologists use this to figure out their problems
(I/O) industial-organizational psych:
use psychologies concepts and methods in the workplace to help companies select and train employees, boost moral, productivity, and implement systems (optimizing human behavior in the workplace)
human factors psych:
related subfeild of I/O, focus on the interaction of people, machines, and phsyical envoirments, how physical enviorments can be made safe and easy
counseling psych:
help people cope with challenges and crises , assitst people with problems in living (related to school, work, or marriage)
clinical psych:
asses and treat people with mental, emotional, and behvior disorders (aka psycholigcal disorders)
psychiatry:
branch of medicen dealing with psychological disorders, are medical doctors who perscribe drugs and treat physical causes of psycholgical disorders
community psych:
studies how people interact with their social enviorments and how social institustions affect indiviuals and groups, works to create social and phycial enviroments healthy to all in a community
