Module 3 Sample test questions Flashcards by marla Johanesen

1.Which of the following is not a function of the nervous system?

a. Sensory function
b. Integrative function
c. Motor function
d. All are functions of the nervous system

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1.The peripheral nervous system can be divided into:

a. Somatic nervous system
b. Autonomic nervous system
c. Enteric nervous system
d. All of the above

Ans: D
Level: easy
Link: 12.3

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1.The motor portion of the autonomic nervous system can be divided into:

a. Somatic and sympathetic divisions
b. Somatic and parasympathetic divisions
c. Enteric and somatic divisions
d. Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
e. Voluntary and involuntary divisions.

Ans: D
Level: easy
Link: 12.3

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1.This has the property of electrical excitability.

a. Muscle cells
b. Neurons
c. All of the above
d. None of the above

Ans: C
Level: medium
Link: 12.2

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1.A site of protein synthesis in a neuron:

a. Mitochondria
b. Nucleus
c. Nissl body
d. Dendrite
e. Axon

Ans: C
Level: medium
Link: 12.2

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1.Nerve fiber refers to:

a. Axon
b. Dendrites
c. Nissl body
d. Both a and b
e. All of the above

Ans: D
Lebel: medium
Link: 12.2

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1.This type of neuron has one main dendrite and one main axon.

a. Multipolar neuron
b. Bipolar neuron
c. Unipolar neuron
d. Purkinje cell
e. Renshaw cell

Ans: B
Level: medium
Link: 12.2

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1.Myelin sheaths around axons are initially formed by Schwann’s cells

a. When neurons are injured
b. During fetal development
c. After birth
d. Only in response to a disorder
e. During the early onset of Alzheimer’s disease

Ans: B
Level: medium
Link: 12.2

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1.This contains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals and neuroglia.

a. Gray matter
b. White matter
c. Astrocytes
d. Satellite cells
e. Ependymal cells

Ans: A
Level: medium
Link: 12.3

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1.Which of the following is not a type of channel used in production of electrical signals in neurons?

a. Leakage channel
b. Voltage-gated channel
c. Ligand-gated channel
d. Mechanically gated channel
e. Ion-gated channel

Ans: E
Level: easy
Link: 12.4

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The resting membrane potential in neurons ranges from:
a. +5 to 100 mV
b. –25 to -70 mV
c. –40 to –90 mV
d. –90 to 5 mV
e. None of the above

Ans: c
Level: medium
Link: 12.4

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1.A polarized cell

a. Has a charge imbalance across its membrane
b. Includes most cells of the body
c. Exhibits a membrane potential
d. Both b and c
e. All of the above

Ans: E
Level: hard

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1.Na+/K+-ATPases are considered to be electrogenic pumps because

a. They contribute to the negativity of the resting membrane potential
b. Because the sodium ions a re negatively charged
c. Because they exhibit low permeability
d. Both a and b
e. All of the above

Ans: A
Level: hard
Link: 12.4

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1.A depolarizing graded potential

a. Makes the membrane more polarized
b. Makes the membrane less polarized
c. Is not considered a graded potential
d. Is the last part of an action potential
e. Is seen when the cell approaches threshold

Ans: B
Level: medium
Link: 12.4

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1.When a depolarizing graded potential makes the axon membrane depolarize to threshold

a. Ligand-gated Ca+2 channels close rapidly
b. Voltage-gated Ca+2 channels open rapidly
c. Ligand-gated Na+ channels close rapidly
d. Voltage gated Na+ channels open rapidly
e. None of the above

Ans: D
Level: medium
Link: 12.4

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1.During the resting state of a voltage-gated Na+ channel

a. The inactivation gate is open
b. The activation gate is closed
c. The channel is permeable to Na+
d. Both a and b
e. All of the above

Ans: D
Level: hard
Link: 12.4

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1.During which period can a second action potential be initiated by a larger than normal stimulus?

a. Refractory period
b. Absolute refractory period
c. Relative refractory period
d. All of the above
e. None of the above

Ans: C
Level: medium
Link: 12.4

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1.Saltatory conduction

a. Occurs through unmyelinated axons
b. Happens due to even distribution of voltage gated channels
c. Encode only action potentials in response to pain
d. Both a and b
e. None of the above

Ans: E
Level: medium
Link 12.4

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1.Which axons have the largest diameter?

a. A fibers
b. B fibers
c. C fibers
d. None of the above

Ans: A
Level: easy
Link: 12.4

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1.What phenomenon explains why a light touch feels different than a touch applied with more pressure?

a. Saltatory conduction
b. Continuous conduction
c. Frequency of impulses
d. Propagation
e. Refractory period

Ans: C
Level: medium
Link: 12.4

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1.Which of the following terms describes synapses?

a. Axodendritic
b. Axosomatic
c. Axoaxonic
d. None of the above
e. All of the above

Ans: E
Level: easy
Link: 12.5

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1.Faster communication and synchronization are two advantages of

a. Chemical synapses
b. Electrical synapses
c. Ligand gated channels
d. Voltage gated channels
e. Mechanically gated channels

Ans: B
Level: medium
Link: 12.5

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1.If a neurotransmitter depolarizes the postsynaptic membrane it is referred to as:

a. Excitatory
b. Inhibitory
c. Spatial
d. Temporal
e. Summation

Ans: A
Level: medium
Link: 12.5

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1.IPSP stands for:

a. Inhbitory presynaptic summation potential
b. Inhibitory postsynaptic summation potential
c. Inhibitory postsynaptic potential
d. Inhibitory presynaptic potentiale.
e. None of the above

Ans: C
Level: easy
Link: 12.5

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1.Diffusion, enzymatic degradation, and uptake by cells are all ways to a. Remove a neurotransmitter b. Stop a spatial summation c. Continue a temporal summation d. Inhibit a presynaptic potential e. Excite a presynaptic potential

Ans: A Level: medium Link: 12.5

1.When the summed total of postsynaptic potentials rises above threshold, creation of action potentials occurs: a. In the synaptic cleft b. In the dendrites c. At the trigger zone d. In the neuron nucleus e. In the neuroplasm

Ans: C Level: medium Link: 12.5

1.A postsynaptic neuron responds to neurotransmitters released by a presynaptic neuron by creating: a. EPSPs b. Nerve impulses c. IPSPs d. Both a and c e. All of the above

Ans: E Level: medium Link: 12.5

1.Which of the following is not considered a small molecule neurotransmitter? a. Acetylcholine b. Biogenic amines c. Purines d. Endorphins e. Serotonin

Ans: D Level: medium Link: 12.6

1.This neural circuit consists of a single presynaptic neuron synapsing with several postsynaptic neurons. a. Diverging circuit b. Converging circuit c. Reverberating circuit d. Parallel after-discharge circuit e. Normal circuit

Ans: A Level: easy Link: 12.7

1.Plasticity means a. The ability to regenerate b. Sending a signal through a converging circuit c. Signal transmission at a synapse d. Capability to change based on experience e. The ability to stretch without damage

Ans: D Level: easy Link: 12.8

1.What factors limit neurogensis. ## Footnote

Ans: Inhibitory influences from neuroglia, mainly from oligodendrites and the absence of growth stimulating cues present during fetal development. Level: medium Link: 12.8

1.Describe four ways drugs can modify the effects of neurotrasmitters. ## Footnote

Ans: Drugs can modify neurotransmitter effects by stimulating or inhibiting their synthesis, enhancing or blocking their release, activating or blocking their receptor, and stimulating or inhibiting their removal. Level: hard Link: 12.6

1.Describe the three ways neurotransmitters can be removed. ## Footnote

* diffusion * enzymatic degradation * uptake by cells. Level: easy Link: 12.6

1.Describe the two conditions that allow maintenance of the resting membrane potential in excitable cells. ## Footnote

* Unequal distribution of ions across the plasma membrane * relative permeability of the plasma membrane to Na+ and K+ help maintain the resting membrane potential. Level: easy Link: 12.4

1.Briefly describe what causes the depolarizing phase.

* Voltage gated Na+ channels open rapidly * then both the electrical and chemical gradients favor the inward movement of Na+. * The inward rush of Na+ causes depolarization phase of the action potential. Level: medium Link: 12.4

1.Which of the three spinal meninges is the most superficial? a. Arachnoid mater b. Dura mater c. Menix mater d. Pia mater e. Epi mater

Ans: B Difficulty: medium Feedback: 13.1

1.Which of the below contains cerebrospinal fluid? a. Epidural space b. Subarachnoid space c. Dural space d. Meninx e. Pia mater

Ans: B Difficulty: medium Feedback: 13.1

1.Denticulate ligaments are thickenings of : a. Arachnoid mater b. Pia mater c. Dura mater d. Interstitial fluid e. Subdural space

Ans: B Difficulty: medium Feedback: 13.1

1.This is a structure that results from nervous input from the upper extremities. a. Lumbar enlargement b. Filum terminale c. Cauda equine d. Spinal nerve 12 e. Cervical enlargement

Ans: E Difficulty: medium Feedback: 13.1

1.This contains only sensory axons that conduct nerve impulses from sensory receptors in the skin, muscles and internal organs into the CNS. a. Spinal nerves b. Cauda equine c. Anterior root d. Posterior root e. Central canal

Ans: D Difficulty: medium Feedback: 13.1

1.Which layer is found surrounding the entire spinal nerve? a. Dura mater b. Pia mater c. endoneurium d. perineurium e. epineurium

Ans: E Difficulty: medium Feedback: 13.2

1.Which type of axons contain endoneurium? a. A. Myelinated b. B. Unmyelinated c. C. Dendrites only have endoneurium d. Both a and b e. None of the above

Ans: D Difficulty: medium Feedback: 13.2

1.Spinal nerves a. A. Are part of the PNS b. B. Connect the CNS to the body c. C. Are named according to the region of the cord from which they emerge d. Both a and c e. All of the above

Ans: E Difficulty: easy Feedback: 13.2

1.This reenters the vertebral cavity through the intervertebral foramen and supplies the vertebrae, ligaments and blood vessels of the spinal cord and meninges. a. Dorsal ramus b. Ventral ramus c. Rami communicates d. Meningeal branch e. Brachial plexus

Ans: D Difficulty: medium Feedback: 13.2

1.Intercostal nerves a. Are also known as cervical nerves b. Directly connect to the structures they supply c. Are found in the C6-T4 area of the vertebrae d. Extend through the sacrum e. Do not exist in humans

Ans: B Difficulty: medium Feedback: 13.2

1.A man presents with median nerve palsy in his left hand. What is the most likely sight of injury? a. Brachial plexus b. Intercostal nerves c. Lumbar plexus d. Medial nerve e. Radial nerve

Ans: A Difficulty: hard Feedback: 13.2

1.This tract carries nerve impulses for proprioception. a. Posterior gray columns b. White columns c. Anterior gray column d. Posterior gray horn e. Dermatome tract

Ans: B Level; easy Feedback: 13.3

1.These white matter tracts of the spinal cord contain ascending information: a. Sensory tracts b. Motor tracts c. Integration tracts d. Columnar tracts e. Epidural tracts

Ans: A Difficulty: medium Feedback: 13.3

1.The descending tracts of the spinal cord carry what type of information: a. Sensory b. Motor c. Integration d. Both a and b e. Both b and c

Ans: B Difficulty: medium Feedback: 13.3

1. Another term for integration is a. Reflectory b. Dermatome c. Summing d. Reflex e. Stimulus ## Footnote

Ans: C Difficulty: medium Feedback: 13.3

1.This pathway conveys nerve impulses that originate in the cerebral cortex and are destined to cause precise, voluntary movements of skeletal muscles. a. Indirect pathway b. Direct pathway c. Reflex arc d. Somatic arc e. Muscle spindle

Ans: B Difficulty: medium Feedback: 13.3

1.This pathway governs automatic movements and coordinates them with visual stimuli. a. Indirect pathway b. Direct pathway c. Reflex arc d. Somatic arc e. Muscle spindles

Ans: A Difficulty: medium Feedback: 13.3

1.Which of the following parts of a reflex arc monitors body conditions? a. Sensory receptor b. Sensory neuron c. Motor neuron d. Effector e. Integration neuron or interneuron

Ans: A Difficulty: easy Feedback: 13.3

1.Which of the following parts of a reflex arc governs body condition levels? a. Sensory receptor b. Sensory neuron c. Motor neuron d. Effector e. Integration neuron or interneuron

Ans: E Difficulty: easy

1.Which of the following parts of a reflex arc changes body condition levels? a. Sensory receptor b. Sensory neuron c. Motor neuron d. Effector e. Integration neuron or interneuron

Ans: D Difficulty: easy Feedback: 13.3

1.Which of the following parts of a reflex arc would have a cell body in the posterior root (ganglion)s? a. Sensory receptor b. Sensory neuron c. Motor neuron d. Effector e. Integration neuron or interneuron

Ans: A Difficulty: easy Feedback: 13.3

1.A reflex pathway having only one synapse in the CNS is called a. Visceral reflex b. Somatic reflex c. Polysynaptic reflex arc d. Autonomic reflex arc e. None of the above

Ans: E Difficulty: medium Feedback: 13.3

1.In response to being stretched a muscle spindle generates nerve impulses that propagate along a sensory neuron through which below structure, to get into the spinal column? a. Anterior root b. Posterior root c. Tectospinal tract d. Central canal e. Lateral reticulospinal tract

Ans: B Difficulty: hard Feedback: 13.3

1.In response to a muscle being overstretched, a muscle spindle generates a somatic spinal reflex that, ultimately, causes what response? a. A. Contraction of the agonist muscle b. B. Relaxation of the antagonist muscle c. C. Contraction of the antagonist muscle d. D. Relaxation of the agonist muscle e. Both a and b

Ans: E Difficulty: hard Feedback: 13.3

1.In response to excessive tension on a tendon, a tendon organ generates a somatic spinal reflex that, ultimately, causes what response? a. A. Contraction of the agonist muscle b. B. Relaxation of the antagonist muscle c. C. Contraction of the antagonist muscle d. D. Relaxation of the agonist muscle e. Both c and d

Ans: E Difficulty: hard Feedback: 13.3

1.During a somatic spinal reflex, when one effector muscle is stimulated and the opposing muscle is inhibited, this type of innervation is called a. Reversal b. Relaxed c. Representative d. Reciprocal e. Relegated

Ans: D Difficulty: hard Feedback: 13.3

1.The stretch and tendon spinal reflexes do NOT provide what function? a. Awareness of muscle tension in body b. Prevention of damage to muscles c. Protection of spinal nerves d. Prevention of damage to tendons e. Maintenance of muscle tone

Ans: C Difficulty: hard Feedback: 13.3

1.An ipsilateral and intersegemental spinal somatic reflex a. Controls only one flexor muscle on one side of the body b. Controls many flexor muscles on one side of the body c. Controls many flexor and extensor muscles on one side of the body d. Controls many flexor muscles on the opposite side of the body e. Controls many flexor and extensor muscles on the opposite side of the body

Ans: C Difficulty: medium Feedback: 13.3

1.A typical spinal nerve has how many connections to the cord? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 e. 5

Ans: B Difficulty: easy Feedback: 13.3

1.The superficial covering over the entire nerve is called: a. Endonureium b. Nerve bundle c. Perineurium d. Fascicle e. Epineurium

Ans: E Difficulty: medium Feedback: 13.2

1.This serves the deep muscles and skin of the dorsal surface of the trunk. a. Meningeal branch b. Rami communicates c. Brachial plexus d. Posterior ramus e. Anterior ramus

Ans: D Difficulty: medium Feedback: 13.2

1.Another term for the thoracic nerves is a. Brachial b. Lumbar c. Sacral d. Cervical e. Intercostals

Ans: E Difficulty: medium Feedback: 13.2

1.The brain and spinal cord develop from ______ arranged in a tubular structure called the neural tube. a. Mesoderm b. Endoderm c. Ectoderm d. Prosencephalon e. Rhombencephalon

Ans: C Difficulty: medium Feedback: 14.1

1.This gives rise to the midbrain and aqueduct of the midbrain. a. Prosencephalon b. Mesencephalon c. Rhombencephalon d. Pia mater e. Arachnoid mater

Ans: B Difficulty: medium Feedback: 14.1

1.Which is NOT considered a major part of the brain? a. Brain stem b. Cerebellum c. Cauda equina d. Diencephalon e. Cerebrum

Ans: C Difficulty: easy Feedback: 14.1

1.This consists of the medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain. a. Brain stem b. Cerebrum c. Cerebellum d. Diencephalon e. Dura mater

Ans: A Difficulty: easy Feedback: 14.1

1.This consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus. a. Cerebellum b. Brain stem c. Cerebrum d. Diencephalon e. Dura mater

Ans: D Difficulty: easy Feedback: 14.1

1.Which of the following has two layers? a. Spinal dura mater b. Cranial dura mater c. Spinal arachnoid mater d. Cranial arachnoid mater e. All of the above

Ans: B Difficulty: easy Feedback: 14.1

1.This separates the two hemispheres of the cerebrum. a. Flax cerebri b. Falx cerebelli c. Tentorium cerebelli d. Tentorium cerebri e. None of the above

Ans: A Difficulty: easy Feedback: 14.1

1.The adult brain represents only ____ of the total body weight. a. 2% b. 5% c. 10% d. 12% e. 20%

Ans: A Difficulty: easy Feedback: 14.1

1.This protects the brain by preventing passage of harmful substances and pathogens. a. Dura mater b. Arachnoid mater c. Cerebrospinal fluid d. Blood brain barrier e. All of the above

Ans: D Difficulty: easy Feedback: 14.1

1.Cerebrospinal fluid carries chemicals from the ______ to neurons. a. Interstitial fluid b. Bile c. Intracellular fluid d. Arachnoid space e. Blood

Ans: E Difficulty: easy Feedback: 14.2

1.Which is located in each hemisphere of the cerebrum? a. Lateral ventricle b. Septum pellucidum c. Fourth ventricle d. Third ventricle e. Corpus callosum

Ans: A Difficulty: medium Feedback: 14.2

1.This is a narrow cavity along the midline superior to the hypothalamus and between the right and left halves of the thalamus. a. Lateral ventricle b. Septum pellucidum c. Third ventricle d. Fourth ventricle e. Fifth ventricle

Ans: C Difficulty: medium Feedback: 14.2

1.Which of the following is a way that cerebral spinal fluid contributes to homeostasis? a. A. Mechanical protection b. B. Chemical protection c. C. Circulation d. Both a and b e. All of the above

Ans: E Difficulty: easy Feedback: 14.2

1.These are networks of capillaries in the walls of the ventricles. a. Choroid plexuses b. Lateral apertures c. Interventricular foramina d. Median aperture e. Aqueduct of the midbrain

Ans: A Difficulty: easy Feedback: 14.2

1.These are fingerlike projections that reabsorb CSF. a. Hydrocephalus b. Microcephalus c. Arachnoid villus d. Dura villus e. Lemniscus

Ans: C Difficulty: medium Feedback: 14.2

1.This is a netlike region of white and gray matter that extends through the brain , maintaining consciousness. a. Pons b. Medulla oblongata c. Midbrain d. Reticular formation e. Decussation of pyramids

Ans: D Difficulty: medium Feedback: 14.3

1.This structure is responsible for somatic (startle) reflexes in response to loud sounds. a. Spinal cord b. Midbrain c. Pons d. Thalamus e. Cerebellum

Ans: B Difficulty: medium Feedback: 14.3

1.This structure is responsible for secondary control of respiration. a. Spinal cord b. Mid brain c. Pons d. Thalamus e. Cerebellum

Ans: C Difficulty: medium Feedback: 14.3

1.Pyramids are a. Gray matter extensions on the medulla b. White matter extensions on the medulla c. Gray matter extensions on the brain stem d. White matter extensions on the brain stem e. Superior to the medial lemniscus

Ans: B Difficulty: medium Feedback: 14.3

1.Medulla nuclei are a. A. Masses of gray matter b. B. Masses of white matter c. Both a and b d. C. Decussations of the pyramids e. None of the above

Ans: A Difficulty: medium Feedback: 14.3

1.Which nuclei are found in the pons? a. Pontine nuclei b. Apneustic area c. Pneumotaxic area d. All of the above e. None of the above

Ans: D Difficulty: medium Feedback: 14.3

1.This contains axons of sensory neurons that extend from the medulla oblongata to the thalamus. a. Tectum b. Colliculi c. Substantia nigra d. Pontine nuclei e. None of the above

Ans: E Difficulty: medium Feedback: 14.3

1.This area contains neurons that release dopamine. a. Substantia nigra b. Olive c. Inferior colliculi d. Cerebral peduncles e. Apneustic area

Ans: A Difficulty: medium Feedback: 14.3

1.This helps maintain consciousness. a. Reticular activating system b. Pons c. Substantia nigra d. Olive e. Inferior peduncles

Ans: A Difficulty: easy Feedback: 14.3

1.This structure is responsible for somatic (startle) reflexes in reponse to loud sounds. a. Spinal cord b. Midbrain c. Pons d. Thalamus e. Cerebellum

Ans: b Difficulty: medium Feedback: 14.3

1.This portion of the cerebellum carries sensory information from proprioceptors throughout the body. a. Inferior cerebellar peduncles b. Middle cerebellar peduncles c. Superior cerebellar peduncles d. Anterior lobe e. Posterior lobe

Ans: A Difficulty: medium Feedback: 14.4

1.This is the major relay station for most sensory impulses that reach the primary somatosensory areas of the cerebral cortex from the brain stem and the spinal cord. a. Thalamus b. Hypothalamus c. Epithalamus d. Pons e. Midbrain

Ans: A Difficulty: medium Feedback: 14.5

1.Which of the following is NOT controlled by the hypothalamus? a. Hunger b. Thirst c. Blood calcium d. Emotional behavior e. Body temperature

Ans: C Difficulty: medium Feedback: 14.5

1.Which of the following glands is directly controlled by hormones produced by the hypothalamus? a. Kidney b. Pituitary c. Thymus d. Pancreas e. Pineal

Ans: B Difficulty: medium Feedback: 14.5

1.Where is the pineal gland found? a. Thalamus b. Cerebellum c. Hypothalamus d. Cerebral cortex e. Epithalalmus

Ans: E Difficulty: easy Feedback: 14.5

1.Gyri are made because a. The white matter enlarges faster than the gray matter b. The cerebellum grows faster than the cerebrum c. The hypothalamus is larger than the epithalamus d. The gray matter grows faster than the white matter e. The lobes of the cerebellum are not symmetrical

Ans: D Difficulty: medium Feedback: 14.6

1.Which structure conducts nerve impulses between gyri in different hemispheres of the cerebrum? a. Association tracts b. Corpus callosum c. Projection tracts d. Pyramids e. Sulci

Ans: B Difficulty: medium Feedback: 14.6 ## Footnote

1.Which of the following functional areas of the cerebrum is responsible for sensing body touch and temperature. a. Broca’s area b. Primary visual area c. Common integrative area d. Prefrontal cortex area e. Primary somatosensory area

Ans: E Difficulty: easy Feedback: 14.7

1.Which of the following functional areas of the cerebrum is responsible for conscious movements the body. a. Broca’s area b. Primary visual area c. Somatosensory association area d. Primary frontal area e. Primary somatosensory area

Ans: D Difficulty: easy Feedback: 14.7