Module 2 Sample tests Flashcards by marla Johanesen

1.This is a structure of a long bone that stores energy.

a. Diaphysis
b. Epiphysis
c. Metaphysis
d. Periosteum
e. Marrow

Ans: E
Difficulty: easy
Feedback: 6.2

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1.This is the region of a long bone that articulates with other bones.

a. Diaphysis
b. Epiphysis
c. Metaphysis
d. Periosteum
e. Marrow

Ans: B
Difficulty: easy
Feedback: 6.2

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1.This is the shaft of a long bone.

a. Diaphysis
b. Epiphysis
c. Metaphysis
d. Periosteum
e. Marrow

Ans: A
Difficulty: easy
Feedback: 6.2

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1.This is a layer of hyaline cartilage that reduces friction between bones involved in the joint.

a. Periosteum
b. Distal epiphysis
c. Nutrient foramen
d. Articular cartilage
e. Epiphyseal plate

Ans: D
Difficulty: medium
Feedback: 6.2

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1.This is a layer of hyaline cartilage that allows the Diaphysis to grow in length.

a. Periosteum
b. Distal epiphysis
c. Nutrient foramen
d. Articular cartilage
e. Epiphyseal plate

Ans: E
Difficulty: medium
Feedback: 6.2

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1.This is the region of long bone found between the diaphysis and the epiphysis.

a. Epiphyseal plate
b. Epiphyseal line
c. Metaphysis
d. Diaphyseal line
e. Diaphyseal plate

Ans: C
Difficulty: easy
Feedback: 6.2

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1.This is the fibrous covering on the surface of bone that is involved in thickening of the bone.

a. Periosteum
b. Endosteum
c. Marrow
d. Epiphysis
e. Metaphysis

Ans: A
Difficulty: medium
Feedback: 6.2

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1.Which of following selections lists bone cells in the order from unspecialized stem cell to highly specialized mature bone cell?

a. Osteogenic, osteoblast, osteocytes
b. Osteogenic, osteoblast, osteocytes
c. Osteogenic, osteocytes, osteoblast
d. Osteogenic, osteocytes, osteoclast
e. None of the above

Ans: B
Difficulty: medium
Feedback: 6.3

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1.These are considered bone-building cells.

a. Osteogenic
b. Osteoclast
c. Osteocytes
d. Osteoblasts
e. All of the above

Ans: D
Difficulty: medium
Feedback: 6.3

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1.These are considered bone-dissolving cells.

a. Osteogenic
b. Osteoclast
c. Osteocytes
d. Osteoblasts
e. All of the above

Ans: B
Difficulty: medium
Feedback: 6.3

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1.Which of the following structures contains osteocytes?

a. Haversian canals
b. Volkmann’s canals
c. Concentric lamellae
d. Lacunae
e. Canaliculi

Ans: D
Difficulty: medium
Feedback: 6.3

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1.These are extensions of the lacunae and are filled with extracellular fluid.

a. Volkmann’s canals
b. Haversian canals
c. Osteons
d. Canaliculi
e. Periosteum

Ans: D
Difficulty: medium
Feedback: 6.3

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1.Osteons in compact bone tissue are aligned

a. Horizontal to the metaphysis
b. Parallel to the epiphysis
c. Along lines of stress
d. Randomly between the Epiphyseal plate
e. Parallel to blood vessels

Ans: C
Difficulty: medium
Feedback: 6.3

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1.Describe the two major differences between compact and spongy bone.

Ans: Spongy bone is light, which reduces the overall weight of a bone so that it moves more readily when pulled by a skeletal muscle. The trabeculae of spongy bone tissue support and protect the red bone marrow. Compact bone is usually found in the exterior of bone, is heavy and dense and made up of osteons. Its function is to resist breakage and provide support of the body.
Difficulty: medium
Feedback: 6.3

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1.Which of the following statements about bone remodeling is FALSE?

a. Occurs through out life
b. Involves bone resorption
c. Involves bone deposition
d. Occurs at different rates at different locations
e. Occurs at a faster rate in compact bone then spongy bone

Ans: E
Difficulty: easy
Feedback: 6.5

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1.The renewal rate for compact bone tissue is

a. 4% per year.
b. 15% per year.
c. 20% per year.
d. 25% per year.
e. Extremely difficult to measure.

Ans: A
Difficulty: medium
Feedback: 6.5

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1.Which of the following two minerals are needed in large quantities when bones are growing?

a. Calcium and chlorine
b. Magnesium and sulfur
c. Calcium and phosphorous
d. Manganese and sulfur
e. Potassium and phosphorous

Ans: C
Difficulty: hard
Feedback: 6.5

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1.During adulthood, which of the following does NOT significantly contribute to bone remodeling and growth?

a. Parathyroid hormones
b. Vitamin D
c. Epinephrine
d. Sex steroids
e. Human growth hormone

Ans: C
Difficulty: hard
Feedback: 6.5

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1.This type of fracture is considered a partial fracture and is usually seen in children.

a. Open
b. Comminuted
c. Impacted
d. Greenstick
e. Stress

Ans: D
Difficulty: easy
Feedback: 6.5

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Bone mass reduction is promoted by which hormone?

a. Calcitriol
b. Calcitonin
c. Human growth hormone
d. Parathyroid hormone
e. Insulin

Ans: D
Difficulty: medium
Feedback: 6.6

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An increase in bone growth is promoted by which hormones?

a. Calcitriol and human growth hormone
b. Calcitonin and Calcitriol
c. Human growth hormone and Parathyroid hormone
d. Parathyroid hormone and Insulin
e. Insulin and human growth hormone

Ans: B
Difficulty: medium
Feedback: 6.5

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1.How much of the total body weight of the average adult is muscle tissue?

a) 20-30%
b) 30-40%
c) 40-50%
d) 50-60%
e) 60-70%

Ans: C
Difficulty: medium
Feedback: Chapter Opener

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1.The different types of muscle tissue differ from each other by:

a) A. Microscopic anatomy
b) B. Location
c) C. Type of Control
d) Both a and b
e) All of the above

Ans: E
Difficulty: medium
Feedback: 10.1

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1.Which of the following is NOT a major function of muscle tissue.

a) Moving blood throughout the body
b) Generating heat through contractions
c) Stopping the movement of joints
d) Promoting movement of body structures
e) Storing energy

Ans: E
Difficulty: medium
Feedback: 10.1

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1.This is the property of muscle that gives it the ability to stretch without damage. a) Electrical excitability b) Contractility c) Extensibility d) Elasticity e) Thermogenesis

Ans: C Difficulty: easy Feedback: 10.1

1.In an isometric contraction the muscle develops tension but does not a) Lengthen b) Widen c) Shorten d) Conduct electrical current e) Exhibit elasticity

Ans: C Difficulty: medium Feedback: 10.5

1.This is a band of connective tissue that surrounds muscles. a) Tendon b) Ligament c) Endomysium d) Epimysium e) Perimysium

Ans: D Difficulty: Easy Feedback: 10.2

1.When connective tissue extends as a broad flat layer, the tendon is referred to as a) Perimysium b) Deep fascia c) Fascicle d) Aponeurosis e) Endomysium

Ans: D Difficulty: easy Feedback: 10.2

1.For every nerve that penetrates a skeletal muscle there are general how many arteries and veins? a) One artery and one or two veins b) Two arteries and two veins c) Three arteries and two veins d) One artery and three veins e) One artery and a varied amount of veins

Ans: A Difficulty: hard Feedback: 10.2

1.Axon terminal clusters at the ends of neuromuscular junctions are referred to as: a) Myelin bulbs b) Neuromuscular bulbs c) Synaptic end bulbs d) Axon collateral bulb e) Tubule bulb

Ans: C Difficulty: easy Feedback: 10.3

1.The sequence that muscle action potentials must go through to excite a muscle cell a) Sarcolemma, axon of neuron, T tubules b) T tubules, sarcolemma, myofilament c) Muscle fiber, axon of neuron, myofibrils d) Axon of neuron, sarcolemma, T tubules e) Myofibrils, myofilaments, mitochondria

Ans: D Difficulty: medium Feedback: 10.

1.The mitochondria in muscle fiber are arranged a) Randomly b) In circles c) Around the nuclei d) In rows e) Closest to the sarcolemma

Ans: E Difficulty: easy Feedback: 10.2

1.These are the contractile organelles of the muscle fiber. a) Myofibrils b) Myoglobin c) Mitochondria d) Z disc e) M line

Ans: A Difficulty: easy Feedback: 10.2

1.This part of the skeletal muscle cell releases calcium when stimulated by the T tubules. a) Myofibrils b) Sarcoplasm c) Terminal cisterns of sarcoplasmic reticulum d) Sarcomeres e) None of the above

Ans: C Difficulty: easy Feedback: 10.2

1.The sarcoplasmic reticulum is used for storing a) Oxygen b) ATP c) PO4- d) Na+ e) Ca+

Ans: E Difficulty: easy Feedback: 10.2

1.Which of the following contain thin filaments. a) A. I band b) B. A band c) C. H zone d) Both a and b e) All of the above

Ans: D Difficulty: easy Feedback: 10.2

1.Which of the following contain thick filament? a) A. Zone of overlap b) B. A band c) C. H zone d) Both b and c e) All of the above

Ans: E Difficulty: easy Feedback: 10.2

1.Myofibrils contain a) Contractile proteins b) Regulatory proteins c) Structural proteins d) All of the above e) None of the above

Ans: D Difficulty: medium Feedback: 10.2

1.Which of the following functions as a motor protein in all three types of muscle tissue? a) Actin b) Myosin c) Troponin d) Titin e) Tropomyosin

Ans: B Difficulty: medium Feedback: 10.2

1.What regulatory proteins can be found on an actin molecule? a) Troponin and Titin b) Tropomyosin and Troponin c) Myosin and Titin d) Titin and Tropomyosin e) Titin and Actin

Ans: B Difficulty: easy Feedback: 10.2

1.Titin is found in a sarcomere a) In the A band only b) In the H zone only c) From Z disc to Z disc d) From M line to Z disc e) In the I band only

Ans: D Difficulty: easy Feedback: 10.2

1.Which of the following is used to reinforce the sarcolemma? a) Troponin b) Tropomyosin c) Myosin d) Actin e) Dystrophin

Ans: E Difficulty: easy Feedback: 10.2

1.In the sliding filament mechanism, the thin filament is being pulled towards the a) Z disc b) sarcolemma c) M line d) A band e) I band

Ans: C Difficulty: easy Feedback: 10.2

1.The sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium ions into the cytosol a) At the beginning of a contraction b) Throughout the entire contraction c) During the midpoint only of the contraction d) After the contraction ends e) All of the above

Ans: A Difficulty: hard Feedback: 10.3

1.What energizes the myosin head? a) The actin filaments b) Calcium ions c) Potassium ions d) ATP hydrolysis reaction e) ADP synthesis

Ans: D Difficulty: medium Feedback: 10.3

1. What is needed for the contraction cycle to continue? a) Ca b) ATP c) ACh d) All of the above ## Footnote

Ans: D Difficulty: medium Feedback: 10.3

1.This results from a muscle action potential propagating along the sarcolemma and into the T tubules. a) Summation b) Relaxation c) Excitation d) Release channel e) ATP hydrolysis

Ans: C Difficulty: medium Feedback: 10.3

1.The signal to excite a muscle cell must cross the neuromuscular junction by the diffusion of acetylcholine across the a) Motor neuron axon b) Synaptic cleft c) Sarcolemma d) Synaptic vesicles e) Myofibril

Ans: B Difficulty: easy Feedback: 10.3

1.How many molecules of acetylcholine need to bind to open the ion channel of the ACh receptor? a) 100 b) More than 1000 c) 10 d) An unknown amount e) None of the above

Ans: B Difficulty: hard Feedback: 10.3

1.How do muscles produce ATP? a) Creatine phosphate b) Anaerobic cellular respiration c) Aerobic cellular respiration d) All of the above e) None of the above

Ans: D Difficulty: easy Feedback: 10.4

1.Creatine phosphate and ATP together create enough energy for a muscle to contract for a) 15 seconds b) 15 minutes c) 1.5 minutes d) Less than 5 seconds e) One minute

Ans: A Difficulty: easy Feedback: 10.4

1.Describe the factors that lead to muscle fatigue ## Footnote

* build up of lactic acid * inadequate levels of creatine phosphate and other nutrients, oxygen and calcium, Difficulty: medium Feedback: 10.4

1.This consists of a somatic motor neuron plus all the skeletal muscle fibers it stimulates. a) Sarcomere b) Motor unit c) Neuromuscular junction d) Somatic motor neuron e) Muscle fiber

Ans: B Difficulty: easy Feedback: 10.5

1.This is a brief contraction of all muscle fibers in a motor unit in response to a single action potential. a) Recovery oxygen uptake b) Motor unit movement c) Muscle fatigue d) Refractory period e) Twitch contraction

Ans: E Difficulty: medium Feedback: 10.5

1. This is also referred to as the period of lost excitability. a) Refractory period b) Contraction period c) Latent period d) Relaxation period e) Wave summation ## Footnote

Ans: A Difficulty: medium Feedback: 10.5

1.A sustained contraction is a) Myogram b) Muscle tone c) Flaccid d) Tetanus e) Twitch

Ans: D Difficulty: medium Feedback: 10.5

1.Increasing the number of active motor units is called a) Wave summation b) Fused tetanus c) Motor unit recruitment d) Muscle tone e) Flaccid

Ans: C Difficulty: medium Feedback: 10.5

1.This is the least powerful type of muscle fiber. a) Slow oxidative fiber b) Fast oxidative fibers c) Fast glycolytic fiber d) Slow glycolytic fibers e) None of the above

Ans: A Difficulty: easy Feedback: 10.6

1.Which of the below structures is found in cardiac muscle tissue but not skeletal muscle tissue? a) Myosin b) Tropomysoin c) Sarcomeres d) Intercalated discs e) Striations

Ans: D Difficulty: easy Feedback: 10.8

1.Smooth muscle tone is due to the prolonged presence of what in the cytosol? a) ATP b) Calcium ions c) Phosphate ions d) Myoglobin e) None of the above

Ans: B Difficulty: medium Feedback: 10.9

1.Hyperplasia is a) An increase in the size of muscle fibers b) A decrease in the size of muscle fibers c) An increase in the number of muscle fibers d) A decrease in the number of muscle fibers e) None of the above

Ans: C Difficulty: medium Feedback: 10.2

Dense white fibrous membrane lining the medullary cavity of long bones?

ENDOSTEUM

Small spaces in compact bone that contain osteocytes are called?

LACUNAE

\_\_\_\_ is a movement of bone toward the midline of the body.

ADDUCTION

T OR F The synovial fluid in synovial joints is produced by the menisci?

FALSE

The regulatory proteins in muscle fiber are?

TROPONIN AND TROPOMYOSIN

The cross-bridges are parts of the?

Myosin molecules.

The first energy source used to regenerate ATP when muscles are extremely active is?

Creatine phosphate

T or F Holding a door so someone can walk through is an example of an isotonic contraction of the arm muscles.

FALSE it is ISOMETRIC

3 Structural joints

1. Fibrous 2. Cartilaginous 3. Synovial

3 functional classifications of joints

1. Synthrosis - immovable 2. Amphithrosis - slightly moveable 3. Diathrosis - freely moveable

What can affect joint motion

1. bone formation 2. soft tissue 3. hormones 4. disuse 5. strength of ligaments 6. arrangement of muscles

Sprain

stretch or tear ligaments

Strain

injury of muscle or tendons