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CRIT5004 > Module 3 - Respiratory System > Flashcards

Module 3 - Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

In the normal lung, two types of cells line the alveoli. Which of the following is a feature of type II epithelial cells?

  1. Do not divide in vivo
  2. Flat cells which line the alveoli
  3. Represent approximately 90% of epithelial cells in the alveoli
  4. Exist as a thin sheet
  5. Secrete surfactant
A

Secrete surfactant

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2
Q

What do central chemoreceptors directly respond to?

  1. Acid content of blood
  2. CO2 content of CSF
  3. Acid content of CSF
  4. O2 content of CSF
  5. O2 content of blood
A

Acid content of CSF

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3
Q

Which of the following would you expect to increase lung compliance?

  1. Obesity
  2. Paralysis
  3. Ankylosing spondylitis
  4. Emphysema
  5. Pregnancy
A

Emphysema

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4
Q

Reduction in lung volume below a certain level results in airway closure with relative or total under-ventilation in the dependent parts of the lung. The lung volume below which this effect becomes apparent is referred to as what?

  1. Critical compliance
  2. Bohr effect
  3. Closing capacity
  4. Compliance capacity
  5. Critical capacity
A

Closing capacity

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5
Q

What does the term hysteresis refer to?

  1. The difference in the pressure-volume curves of the lung in inhalation compared with exhalation
  2. The difference in the pressure-volume curves of the lung with surfactant compared to without surfactant
  3. The difference in the pressure-volume curves of lungs in humans compared with other mammals
  4. The difference in the pressure-volume curves of lungs inflated and deflated with saline
  5. The difference in the pressure-volume curves of lungs with and without underlying obstructive disease
A

The difference in the pressure-volume curves of the lung in inhalation compared with exhalation

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6
Q

Helium dilution is a technique used to measure what lung volume?

  1. Expiratory Reserve Volume
  2. Total Lung Volume
  3. Residual Volume
  4. Inspiratory Reserve Volume
  5. Tidal Volume
A

Residual Volume

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7
Q

What is the approximate volume of anatomic dead space in a normal healthy adult weighing 70kg?

  1. 200mL
  2. 100mL
  3. 150mL
  4. 500mL
  5. 50mL
A

150mL

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8
Q

Generally speaking, what is the diffusion of gases within the lung limited by?

  1. Exercise limited in disease
  2. Perfusion limited in disease
  3. Exercise limited in health
  4. Perfusion limited in health
  5. Diffusion limited in health
A

Perfusion limited in health

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9
Q

Calculate the A-a gradient in a patient with a PaO2 of 50 mmHg and a PaCO2 of 60mmHg? (Assume the PIO2 is 149)

  1. 32
  2. 26.5
  3. 51
  4. 74
  5. 24
A

24

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10
Q

Which of the following will shift the haemoglobin-O2 dissociation curve to the left?

  1. Increasing pH
  2. Increasing PaO2
  3. Increasing CO2
  4. Increasing temperature
  5. Increasing 2,3-DPG
A

Increasing pH

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11
Q

What is physiological dead space?

  1. The part of the inspired gas that passes through the anatomical dead space to mix with gas at the alveolar level, but which does not take part in gas exchange
  2. Gas exhaled from the airways that participate in gas exchange
  3. Gas exhaled from the conducting airways
  4. The volume of gas exhaled before the expired CO2 rises to its alveolar plateau
  5. The sum of all parts of the tidal volume that do not participate in gas exchange
A

The sum of all parts of the tidal volume that do not participate in gas exchange

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12
Q

A deep-sea diver has presented to hospital with suspected decompression sickness. What are the most commonly affected sites in the body affected by barotrauma from diving?

  1. Joints and lungs
  2. Lungs, ears and teeth
  3. Ears, sinuses and teeth
  4. Lungs, sinuses and ears
  5. Muscles and joints
A

Ears, sinuses and teeth

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13
Q

Mrs Qi is 52 years old and has a haemoglobin of 66 g/L on a routine pre-operative check. How will this decrease in haemoglobin affect her gas exchange?

  1. There should be no effect on gas exchange
  2. Decreased carriage of oxygen decreases oxygen alveolar partial pressures and therefore increases gas exchange
  3. Decreased carriage of oxygen increases oxygen alveolar partial pressures and therefore increases gas exchange
  4. Decreased carriage of oxygen decreases oxygen alveolar partial pressures and therefore impairs gas exchange
  5. Decreased carriage of oxygen increases oxygen alveolar partial pressures and therefore impairs gas exchange
A

There should be no effect on gas exchange

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14
Q

For what toxicity is hyperbaric oxygen a potential treatment?

  1. Digitalis
  2. Carbon monoxide
  3. Cyanide
  4. Lithium
  5. Oxygen
A

Carbon monoxide

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15
Q

Where does buffering of carbon dioxide by carbonic anhydrase predominantly occur within blood?

  1. Within the red blood cells
  2. Within the vessel endothelial cells
  3. Within the vessel epithelial cells
  4. Within the plasma
  5. Within the platelets
A

Within the red blood cells

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16
Q

An appreciable part of each inspiration does not penetrate the regions of the lungs in which gas exchange occurs and is therefore exhaled unchanged. This fraction of the tidal volume is known as dead space. Match the type of dead space below to its corresponding definition.

  1. The part of the inspired gas that passes through the anatomical dead space to mix with gas at the alveolar level, but which does not take part in gas exchange
  2. The sum of all parts of the tidal volume that do not participate in gaseous exchange
  3. The volume of gas exhaled before the CO2 rises to its alveolar plateau
A
  1. Alveolar dead space
  2. Physiological dead space
  3. Anatomical dead space
17
Q

The respiratory tract can be divided into zones. Which of the following is part of the conducting zone (that is functions of the air passages are solely conduction and humidification)?

  1. Respiratory bronchioles
  2. Alveolar sacs
  3. Alveolar ducts
  4. Terminal bronchioles
  5. Larynx
A

Terminal bronchioles

18
Q

In the normal lung, two types of cells line the alveoli. Which of the following is a feature of type I epithelial cells?

  1. Flat cells which line the alveoli
  2. Round shape, situated at the junction of the septa
  3. Resistant to oxygen toxicity
  4. Important in alveoli defence
  5. Secrete surfactant
A

Flat cells which line the alveoli

19
Q

What is meant by the term compliance?

  1. Change in pressure divided by change in volume
  2. Change in volume for a given change in pressure
  3. The ability of the lung to resist stretch
  4. The forces acting on the lung to bring about stretch
  5. Elastic recoil per change in volume
A

Change in volume for a given change in pressure

20
Q

Which of the following would you expect to decrease chest wall compliance?

  1. Pregnancy
  2. Hyperinflation
  3. Pleural disease
  4. Atelectasis
  5. Emphysema
21
Q

Where is surfactant stored?

  1. Inclusion bodies within alveolar epithelial cells type I
  2. Lipid membrane of the alveolar epithelial cells type II
  3. Lamellar bodies within alveolar epithelial cells type I
  4. Lipid membrane of the alveolar epithelial cells type I
  5. Lamellar bodies within alveolar epithelial cells type II
A

Lamellar bodies within alveolar epithelial cells type II

22
Q

What component volumes or capacities added together will result in Total Lung Capacity?

  1. Inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume and functional residual capacity
  2. Vital capacity and functional residual capacity
  3. Inspiratory capacity, expiratory reserve volume and functional residual volume
  4. Inspiratory reserve volume, vital capacity and residual volume
  5. Inspiratory capacity and functional residual capacity
A

Inspiratory capacity and functional residual capacity

23
Q

What does the term hysteresis refer to?

  1. The difference in the pressure-volume curves of the lung with surfactant compared to without surfactant
  2. The difference in the pressure-volume curves of lungs inflated and deflated with saline
  3. The difference in the pressure-volume curves of the lung in inhalation compared with exhalation
  4. The difference in the pressure-volume curves of lungs with and without underlying obstructive disease
  5. The difference in the pressure-volume curves of lungs in humans compared with other mammals
A

The difference in the pressure-volume curves of the lung in inhalation compared with exhalation

24
Q

Which of the following factors would increase Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)?

  1. Pregnancy
  2. Increased airway resistance
  3. Supine position
  4. Restrictive lung disease
  5. General anaesthesia
A

Increased airway resistance

25
Q

According to Fick’s Law of diffusion, what is flow proportional to?

  1. The inverse of cross sectional area
  2. The inverse of the thickness of the membrane
  3. The inverse of the diffusion constant
  4. The inverse of the pressure gradient
  5. The inverse of the velocity
A

The inverse of the thickness of the membrane

26
Q

Regarding diffusion of gases within the lung, which of the following is a diffusion limited gas?

  1. Carbon dioxide
  2. Oxygen
  3. Carbon monoxide
  4. Nitrous oxide
  5. Hydrogen
A

Carbon monoxide

27
Q

Which of the following will shift the haemoglobin-O2 dissociation curve to the right?

  1. Decreasing body temperature
  2. Decreasing 2,3-DPG
  3. Decreasing PCO2
  4. Decreasing PO2
  5. Decreasing pH
A

Decreasing pH

28
Q

As we move from the apex of the lung to the base, what changes can be seen?

  1. The PACO2 decreases
  2. The PAO2 decreases
  3. Water vapour pressure decreases
  4. The ventilation decreases
  5. The perfusion decreases
A

The PAO2 decreases

29
Q

In a healthy adult, which of the following would decrease anatomical dead space?

  1. Neck extension, jaw protrusion
  2. Increase in age
  3. Decrease in body size
  4. Sitting compared to supine posture
  5. Bronchodilators
A

Decrease in body size

30
Q

What is the Haldane effect?

  1. The difference in the quantity of hydrogen carried, in oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
  2. The difference in the quantity of oxygen carried in oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
  3. The difference in the quantity of carbon dioxide carried in oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
  4. The difference in the quantity of nitrogen carried in oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
  5. The difference in the quantity of carbon monoxide carried in oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
A

The difference in the quantity of carbon dioxide carried in oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.

31
Q

Which of the following conditions is most likely to result in a primary respiratory alkalosis?

  1. NaHCO3 ingestion
  2. Prolonged vomiting
  3. Excessive ketones
  4. COPD
  5. Prolonged high altitude
A

Prolonged high altitude

32
Q

A patient is suffering high altitude pulmonary oedema after being stranded whilst mountain climbing. What is the most essential treatment for this patient?

  1. Oral sildenafil
  2. IV or oral acetazolamide
  3. IV nifedipine
  4. Decompression chamber
  5. Descent to lower altitude
A

Descent to lower altitude

33
Q

A diver has been placed in a hyperbaric chamber after a rapid unplanned ascent. What are the effects of hyperbaric oxygen?

  1. Vasodilation, angiogenesis, anti-bacterial effect
  2. Vasodilation, impaired growth of new blood vessels, anti-bacterial effect
  3. Vasoconstriction, angiogenesis, anti-bacterial effect
  4. Vasoconstriction, angiogenesis, no effect on bacteria
  5. Vasoconstriction, impaired growth of new blood vessels, no effect on bacteria
A

Vasoconstriction, angiogenesis, anti-bacterial effect

34
Q

Which of the following is an exogenous antioxidant?

  1. Ascorbic acid
  2. Surfactant
  3. Allopurinol
  4. Glutathione
  5. Superoxide dismutase
A

Allopurinol

35
Q

Ms Green has been on a ventilator in the ICU after an intracranial bleed. She has acutely become hypoxic and barotrauma is suspected. What are the commonest forms of barotrauma attributable to mechanical ventilation?

  1. Pneumothorax, pleural effusion and haemothorax
  2. Subcutaneous emphysema, bowel pseudo-obstruction and pneumothorax
  3. Pneumothorax, pneumonia and pleural effusion
  4. Subcutaneous emphysema, pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum
  5. Pneumothorax, subcutaneous emphysema and intraperitoneal air
A

Subcutaneous emphysema, pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum

36
Q

Lung volumes can be recorded by a spirometer. Lung capacities refer to subdivisions that contain two or more volumes.

Match the description with the correct label of lung volumes and capacities:

  1. The air left in the lungs after maximal respiratory effort / expiration
  2. The volume expelled by an active expiratory effort after passive expiration
  3. The addition of vital capacity and residual volume
  4. The amount of air that moves into the lungs with each inspiration during quiet breathing.
  5. The air inspired with maximal inspiratory effort in excess of the tidal volume
A
  1. Residual volume
  2. Expiratory reserve volume
  3. Total lung capacity
  4. Tidal volume
  5. Inspiratory reserve

CRIT5004 (7 decks)

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