Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CRIT5004 > Module 2 - Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Module 2 - Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the resting membrane potential of ventricular myocardial fibres?

a) + 90 mV
b) - 90 mV
c) + 70 mV
d) - 70 mV
e) - 60 mV

A

b) - 90 mV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What causes the initial depolarisation of a cardiac muscle cell?

a) Sodium influx through rapidly opening sodium channels
b) Net potassium efflux
c) Calcium influx through more slowly opening calcium channels
d) Net potassium influx
e) Inactivation of sodium channels

A

a) Sodium influx through rapidly opening sodium channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What causes the plateau phase of a cardiac muscle cell?

a) Net potassium efflux
b) Sodium influx through rapidly opening sodium channels
c) Calcium influx through more slowly opening sodium-calcium channels
d) Net potassium influx
e) Inactivation of sodium channels

A

c) Calcium influx through more slowly opening sodium-calcium channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

An ECG for a patient is reported as sinus arrhythmia. What is the cause of this arrhythmia?

a) Advancing age
b) Stimulation of the vagus nerve
c) Breath holding
d) A wide range of disease processes affecting the sinoatrial node
e) Fluctuation in sympathetic and parasympathetic output to the heart

A

e) Fluctuation in sympathetic and parasympathetic output to the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Regarding phases of the cardiac cycle, what immediately follows the closure of the aortic valve?

a) Isovolumetric contraction
b) Isovolumetric relaxation
c) Protodiastole
d) Ventricular filling
e) Ventricular ejection

A

b) Isovolumetric relaxation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

In performing a pre-operative anaesthetic check on a patient with ankylosing spondylitis, you note a diastolic murmur. A murmur heard in diastole would most likely correlate with which valvular condition?

a) Tricuspid insufficiency
b) Aortic stenosis
c) Mitral regurgitation
d) Aortic regurgitation
e) Pulmonary stenosis

A

d) Aortic regurgitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is cardiac preload?

a) The myocardial fibre shortening relative to the stroke volume
b) The load on the myocardial muscles just prior to the onset of contraction
c) The impedance to blood being ejected from the heart in contraction
d) The effect of peripheral resistance on the left ventricular end diastolic pressure.
e) The tension in cardiac muscle before shortening will occur

A

b) The load on the myocardial muscles just prior to the onset of contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the main direct determinants of cardiac output?

a) Arterial pressure and peripheral resistance
b) Heart rate and stroke volume
c) Preload, contractility and afterload
d) Left ventricular size and myocardial fibre shortening
e) Left ventricular end diastolic pressure and afterload

A

b) Heart rate and stroke volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The total blood volume in a normal adult is approximately 5L. At rest what is the distribution of blood in the heart?

a) 5 %
b) 7 %
c) 25 %
d) 18 %
e) 2 %

A

b) 7 %

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Under resting conditions, about 70% of energy consumed in the heart is derived from what source?

a) Ketones
b) Complex Carbohydrates
c) Fatty acids
d) Glucose
e) Proteins

A

c) Fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

In large blood vessels, what is the major determinant of blood viscosity?

a) Haemoglobin
b) Platelets
c) Haematocrit
d) Mean corpuscular volume
e) Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration

A

c) Haematocrit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

A patient suffering from pulmonary hypertension is prescribed an endothelin receptor-blocking agent. What is the reason for this?

a) Endothelin is a powerful vasodilator that is released from damaged platelets as a result of hypertension
b) Endothelin is powerful vasoconstrictor that is released from damaged endothelium as a result of hypertension.
c) Endothelin is a powerful vasoconstrictor that is released from damaged platelets as a result of hypertension
d) Endothelin is a powerful vasodilator that is released from damaged endothelium as a result of hypertension
e) Endothelin is a powerful hyperemic inducer released form damaged platelets as a result of hypertension

A

b) Endothelin is powerful vasoconstrictor that is released from damaged endothelium as a result of hypertension.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does dysfunction of the baroreceptor reflex result in?

a) Greatly increased variability in blood pressure
b) Greatly decreased long term blood pressure
c) Greatly increased postural blood pressure
d) Greatly decreased postural blood pressure
e) Greatly increased long term blood pressure

A

a) Greatly increased variability in blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the afferent pathway of the nasopharyngeal receptors?

a) Trigeminal nerve
b) Vestibular nerve
c) Occulomotor nerve
d) Spinal afferent nerves
e) Vagus nerve

A

a) Trigeminal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What happens one minute after a man changes position from supine to standing?

a) An increase in the mean arterial pressure
b) An increase in cardiac output
c) An increase in total peripheral resistance
d) Decreased production of angiotensin II
e) No change in skin perfusion

A

c) An increase in total peripheral resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Deviations from normal serum potassium levels will usually be reflected in a patients ECG. Presuming that all other electrolytes are normal and there is no other pathological abnormality in this patient. Correlate the following ECG changes with the most likely potassium level. Description of the ECG:

A: PR interval lengthened, ST segment depressed, T waves inverted and prominent U waves

B: QRS complex broad and slurred, blending with T waves.

C: ST segment depressed, prominent U wave

D: Tall, slender peaked T wave

a) 6.5
b) 8.5

A

a) 6.5 - D: Tall, slender peaked T wave
b) 8.5 - B: QRS complex broad and slurred, blending with T waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where is the sinoatrial (SA) node located?

a) In the right superior portion of the interatrial septum
b) At the junction of the right atrium and right ventricle
c) At the junction of the inferior vena cava with the right atrium
d) At the junction of the superior vena cava with the right atrium
e) In the right posterior portion of the interatrial septum

A

d) At the junction of the superior vena cava with the right atrium

18
Q

The potassium result of a patient suffering acute renal failure returns at 6.8 meq/L. What ECG changes would be expected with this potassium level?

a) ST segment depression
b) Broad and slurred QRS complexes
c) Lengthened RR interval
d) Prominent u waves
e) Peaked T waves

A

e) Peaked T waves

19
Q

Where is the fastest conduction velocity found in the heart?

a) Atrial muscle
b) Ventricular muscle
c) The AV node
d) Bundle of His
e) Purkinje fibres

A

e) Purkinje fibres

20
Q

If the absolute refractory period of cardiac muscle is greatly shortened, what might be the result?

a) Premature atrial ectopic beats
b) Ventricular ectopic beats
c) Supraventricular tachycardia
d) Circus movement
e) Ectopic foci

A

d) Circus movement

21
Q

What is the acute treatment of hyperkalaemia that is given to bring about membrane stabilisation?

a) IV insulin
b) Rectal resonium
c) Nebulised salbutamol
d) IV calcium
e) IV dextrose

A

d) IV calcium

22
Q

In a normal patient, the closure of the mitral valve occurs at what point on the typical ECG?

a) With the R wave
b) With the T wave
c) With the U wave
d) With the P wave
e) With the Q wave

A

a) With the R wave

23
Q

In performing a pre-operative anaesthetic check on a patient with ankylosing spondylitis, you note a diastolic murmur. A murmur heard in diastole would most likely correlate with which valvular condition?

a) Aortic regurgitation
b) Aortic stenosis
c) Mitral regurgitation
d) Tricuspid insufficiency
e) Pulmonary stenosis

A

a) Aortic regurgitation

24
Q

Which of the following conditions would decrease cardiac output?

a) Anxiety
b) Sleep
c) Hypothyroidism
d) Pregnancy
e) Eating

A

c) Hypothyroidism

25
Q

What is left ventricular end-diastolic volume in an adult at rest?

a) 10-30 ml
b) 30-50 ml
c) 50-70 ml
d) 70-100ml
e) 100-140 ml

A

e) 100-140 ml

26
Q

Which of the following increases left ventricle preload? a) Reduced ventricular compliance b) Increased inflow resistance (e.g. mitral stenosis) c) Increased heart rate d) Haemorrhage e) An increase in the mean systemic filling pressure

A

e) An increase in the mean systemic filling pressure

27
Q

Ohm’s law can be modified to relate to circulatory physiology. Describe the relationship between flow, pressure and resistance. a) Flow = Resistance / Pressure b) Flow = Pressure / Resistance c) Pressure = Resistance / Electromotive force d) Pressure = Flow / Electromotive force e) Resistance = Flow x Force

A

b) Flow = Pressure / Resistance

28
Q

The flow of blood through a straight vessel is normally laminar. Which of the following would increase the probability of turbulence? a) Low density b) Small diameter c) Slow velocity d) High viscosity e) Reynolds number greater than 2000

A

e) Reynolds number greater than 2000

29
Q

According to the Poiseuille-Hagen formula, which factor plays the greatest role in determining the rate of blood flow through a vessel? a) Pressure difference between the ends of the vessel b) Viscosity of blood c) Radius d) Vessel length e) Resistance of the vessel

A

c) Radius

30
Q

A child has presented to the emergency department with generalised oedema and foamy urine with loss of appetite. You confirm proteinuria on urine dipstick and suspect glomerulonephritis as the cause. In terms of Starling’s forces, the nephrotic syndrome leads to oedema via what mechanism? a) Decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure b) Decreased interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure c) Decreased plasma oncotic pressure d) Decreased interstitial fluid oncotic pressure e) Decreased capillary filtration coefficient

A

c) Decreased plasma oncotic pressure

31
Q

In exercising muscle, what causes the major increase in blood flow? a) Muscle pumping b) Metabolic vasodilatation c) Sympathetic vasodilatation d) Parasympathetic vasodilatation e) Tachycardia-induced increase in cardiac output

A

b) Metabolic vasodilatation

32
Q

Which of the following would cause a bradycardia in a normal resting adult? a) An increase in carotid sinus pressure b) An increase in right atrial pressure c) Inspiration d) A decrease in baroreceptor firing rate e) Standing from a supine position

A

a) An increase in carotid sinus pressure

33
Q

Multiple factors affect the calibre of an arteriole. Which of the following circulating humoral agents would cause vasodilation of an arteriole? a) Histamine b) Noradrenaline c) Angiotensin II d) Vasopressin e) Endothelin

A

a) Histamine

34
Q

What is the afferent pathway of the nasopharyngeal receptors? a) Vestibular nerve b) Vagus nerve c) Trigeminal nerve d) Spinal afferent nerves e) Occulomotor nerve

A

c) Trigeminal nerve

35
Q

In regards to the humoral control of blood vessels, what is the effect of vasopressin? a) Powerful vasodilator b) Powerful vasoconstrictor c) Indirect vasoconstriction via renal actions d) Increases capillary permeability e) Weak vasodilator

A

b) Powerful vasoconstrictor

36
Q

What is the normal effect of aging on the cardiovascular system? It: a) Increases the arterial pulse pressure b) Increases the diastolic blood pressure c) Increases aortic compliance d) Increases the rate of ventricular filling during diastole e) Increases the heart rate

A

a) Increases the arterial pulse pressure

37
Q

The total blood volume in a normal adult is approximately 5L. At rest what is the distribution of blood across various organs and vessels? Match the correct percentage of the total blood volume that is found at each location? Systemic veins Systemic arteries Pulmonary vessels Heart a) 9% b) 64%

A

a) 9% - Pulmonary vessels b) 64% - Systemic veins

38
Q

Normal cardiac output

A

Approximately 5L/min Can increase up to 25-30L/min

39
Q

Determinants of cardiac output

A

CO = HR x SV SV determined by preload, afterload, contractility

40
Q

Ideal technique for estimating cardiac output

A

Non-invasive Continuous Reliable Reproducible Comfortable Minimal side-effects

CRIT5004 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions