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Biochemistry LEC > Module 3: Monosaccharides > Flashcards

Module 3: Monosaccharides Flashcards

1
Q

What is the formula for Carbohydrates

A

C2 H2n On

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2
Q

Green plants produce carbohydrates via?

A

photosynthesis

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3
Q

What do green plants contain

A

chlorophyll

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4
Q

what are carbohydrates also referred to as

A

saccharides

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5
Q

from what greek words was “saccharides” derived from

A

sakcharon

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6
Q

C = O

A

polyhydroxy ketone

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7
Q

CHO

A

polyhydroxy aldehyde

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8
Q

a gram of digested carbohydrate give what amount of energy?

A

4cal

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9
Q

carbohydrates forms structural framewrok of what?

A

DNA and RNA molecules

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10
Q

list the different types of carbohydrates

A
  1. monosaccharides
  2. disaccharides
  3. oligosaccharides
  4. polysaccharides
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11
Q
  • the simplest sugar
  • contains a single polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone unit
A

monosaccharides

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12
Q
  • contains 2 monosaccharide units that are convalently bonded
A

disaccharides

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13
Q

upon hydrolysis they produce monosaccharides

A

disaccharides

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14
Q

contains 2-10 monosaccharide units that are covalently bonded together

A

oligosaccharides

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15
Q

aka raffinose

A

trisaccharides

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16
Q

aka stachyose

A

tetrasaccharides

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17
Q

consists thousands of monosaccharide unit

A

polysaccharides

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18
Q

polymers of a single monosaccharide

A

homopolysaccharide

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19
Q

contains more than one kinds of monosaccharide

A

heteropolysaccharide

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20
Q

contains an aldehyde group

A

aldose

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21
Q

contains a ketone group

A

ketose

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22
Q

list the different classification of monosaccharides

A
  1. trioses
  2. hexoses
  3. pentoses
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23
Q

the parent member of the family of monosaccharides

A

trioses

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24
Q

final form of carbohydrates

A

trioses

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25
Q

this process refers to when carbohydrates are degraded into the the body

A

carbohydrate metabolism

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26
Q

a constituent of the heart muscle

A

D - lyxose

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27
Q
  • intermediates in metabolic pathways
  • important building blocks of RNA and DNA
A

D-ribose and Deoxyribose

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28
Q

list the 2 types of pentoses

A

aldopentoses and ketopentoses

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29
Q

list the 2 types of hexoses

A

aldohexos and ketohexoses

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30
Q
  • most abundant hexose in nature
  • also named grape sugar, blood sugar, and dextrose
A

D-Glucose

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31
Q

source off nourishment found in hospitals

A

D-Glucose

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32
Q
  • milk sugar
  • sythesized in humans
A

D-galactose

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33
Q
  • called brain sugar
  • used to differentiate blood types
A

D-galactose

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34
Q
  • converted to usable glucose in the body
  • found in certain bacteria, fungi, and plants
A

D-mannose

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35
Q
  • sweetest of all sugars
  • good dietary sugar
  • found in fruits and honey
A

D-fructose

36
Q

list the aldopentose monosaccharides

A

D-lyxose and D-ribose

37
Q

list the ketopentose monosaccharides

A

D-ribulose and D-xylulose

38
Q

list the aldohexose monosaccharides

A

D-glucose, D-galactose, and D-mannose

39
Q

list the ketohexose monosaccharides

A

D-fructose

40
Q

are images that coincide at all points when images are laid upon each other

A

superimposable mirror images

41
Q

are images where not all points coincide when laid upon each

A

nonsuperimposable mirror images

42
Q

tetrahedral orientation is met only if the bonds to the four different groups are all ____ bonds

A

single

43
Q

handedness-generating carbon atom is called what?

A

chiral center

44
Q

isomers that have the same molecular and structural formulas but differ in orientation of atoms in space

A

sterioisomers

45
Q

cause by restricted rotation about chemical bonds

A

structural rigidity

46
Q

are stereoisomers whose molecular structure are nonsuperimposable

A

enantiomers

47
Q

stereoisomers whose molecules are not mirror images of each other

A

diastomers

48
Q

stereoisomers that differ in its configuration at only one chiral carbon

A

epimers

49
Q

it is a method for giving molecularity specifications in two dimensions

A

fisher projections

50
Q

laevo

A

L

51
Q

Dextro

A

D

52
Q

*simplest pf monosaccharides
* important in intermediating process of glycolysis

A

D-glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone

53
Q

*most abundant in nature
* most important in human nutritional standpoint

A

D-glucose

54
Q

this keeps blood glucose concentration within the normal range

A

Insulin and Glucagon

55
Q

Normal range for blood glucose

A

70-100 ml/dl

56
Q

this is synthesized from glucose in the mammary glands for use in lactose

A

D-galactose

57
Q
  • biochemically the most important ketohexose
A

D-fructose

58
Q

cells process this to obtain energy through aerobic breathing

A

fructose

59
Q

this is a component of a variety of complex molecules, including RNA and adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

D-ribose

60
Q

these projections are used for carbohydrates to visualize their 3D structure and to compare different carbons

A

Fisher projections

61
Q

the product resulting from aldose cyclization

A

hemiacetal

62
Q

the product resulting from ketose cyclization

A

hemiketal

63
Q

the cyclic sugars are represented as

A

haworth projections

64
Q

cyclic sugars the contain a five-membered ring

A

furanose

65
Q

cyclic sugar that contains a six-membered ring

A

pyranose

66
Q

in a hawort projection when the -OH group points down it is

A

an alpha isomer

67
Q

in a haworth projection when the -OH group points up it is

A

a beta isomer

68
Q

it is the interconversion of a- and B- anomers in solution and accompanied by a change in a specific rotation

A

mutarotation

69
Q

it is the change in optical rotation

A

mutarotation

70
Q

this is observed when alpha or beta anomers are dissolved in water

A

mutarotation

71
Q

what are the 3 types of acid

A
  1. aldonic acid
  2. aldaric acid
    3, alduronic acid
72
Q

product of reduction

A

sugar alcohols or alditols

73
Q

when reduced, what is glucose

A

sorbitol

74
Q

when reduced, what is galactose

A

dulcitol

75
Q

when reduced, what is mannose

A

mannitol

76
Q

when reduced, what is fructose

A

mannitol + sorbitol

77
Q

what do reducing sugars contain

A
  1. aldehyde group
  2. hydroxyketone
  3. cyclic hemiacetal
78
Q

weak oxidizing agents produce what type of acid

A

aldonic acid

79
Q

strong oxidizing agents produce what type of acid

A

aldaric acid

80
Q

enzymes produce what type of acid

A

alduronic acids

81
Q

these tests are based on the formation of a brick red copper oxide precipitation as a positive result

A

benedict, barfoed, and fehlings test

82
Q

this test is based on the formation of a silver mirror

A

tollens test

83
Q

this test is more sensitive in that it can distinguish a reducing monosaccharide from reducing disaccharides

A

barfoed test

84
Q

acetals are also called what

A

glycosides

85
Q

a glycoside produced from glucose is called

A

glucoside

86
Q

a galactose produced from glucose is called

A

galactoside

87
Q

an acetal formed from a cyclic monosaccharide

A

glycoside

Biochemistry LEC (8 decks)

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