Module 3: Monosaccharides Flashcards
1
Q
What is the formula for Carbohydrates
A
C2 H2n On
2
Q
Green plants produce carbohydrates via?
A
photosynthesis
3
Q
What do green plants contain
A
chlorophyll
4
Q
what are carbohydrates also referred to as
A
saccharides
5
Q
from what greek words was “saccharides” derived from
A
sakcharon
6
Q
C = O
A
polyhydroxy ketone
7
Q
CHO
A
polyhydroxy aldehyde
8
Q
a gram of digested carbohydrate give what amount of energy?
A
4cal
9
Q
carbohydrates forms structural framewrok of what?
A
DNA and RNA molecules
10
Q
list the different types of carbohydrates
A
- monosaccharides
- disaccharides
- oligosaccharides
- polysaccharides
11
Q
- the simplest sugar
- contains a single polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone unit
A
monosaccharides
12
Q
- contains 2 monosaccharide units that are convalently bonded
A
disaccharides
13
Q
upon hydrolysis they produce monosaccharides
A
disaccharides
14
Q
contains 2-10 monosaccharide units that are covalently bonded together
A
oligosaccharides
15
Q
aka raffinose
A
trisaccharides
16
Q
aka stachyose
A
tetrasaccharides
17
Q
consists thousands of monosaccharide unit
A
polysaccharides
18
Q
polymers of a single monosaccharide
A
homopolysaccharide
19
Q
contains more than one kinds of monosaccharide
A
heteropolysaccharide
20
Q
contains an aldehyde group
A
aldose
21
Q
contains a ketone group
A
ketose
22
Q
list the different classification of monosaccharides
A
- trioses
- hexoses
- pentoses
23
Q
the parent member of the family of monosaccharides
A
trioses
24
Q
final form of carbohydrates
A
trioses
25
this process refers to when carbohydrates are degraded into the the body
carbohydrate metabolism
26
a constituent of the heart muscle
D - lyxose
27
* intermediates in metabolic pathways
* important building blocks of RNA and DNA
D-ribose and Deoxyribose
28
list the 2 types of pentoses
aldopentoses and ketopentoses
29
list the 2 types of hexoses
aldohexos and ketohexoses
30
* most abundant hexose in nature
* also named grape sugar, blood sugar, and dextrose
D-Glucose
31
source off nourishment found in hospitals
D-Glucose
32
* milk sugar
* sythesized in humans
D-galactose
33
* called brain sugar
* used to differentiate blood types
D-galactose
34
* converted to usable glucose in the body
* found in certain bacteria, fungi, and plants
D-mannose
35
* sweetest of all sugars
* good dietary sugar
* found in fruits and honey
D-fructose
36
list the aldopentose monosaccharides
D-lyxose and D-ribose
37
list the ketopentose monosaccharides
D-ribulose and D-xylulose
38
list the aldohexose monosaccharides
D-glucose, D-galactose, and D-mannose
39
list the ketohexose monosaccharides
D-fructose
40
are images that coincide at all points when images are laid upon each other
superimposable mirror images
41
are images where not all points coincide when laid upon each
nonsuperimposable mirror images
42
tetrahedral orientation is met only if the bonds to the four different groups are all ____ bonds
single
43
handedness-generating carbon atom is called what?
chiral center
44
isomers that have the same molecular and structural formulas but differ in orientation of atoms in space
sterioisomers
45
cause by restricted rotation about chemical bonds
structural rigidity
46
are stereoisomers whose molecular structure are nonsuperimposable
enantiomers
47
stereoisomers whose molecules are not mirror images of each other
diastomers
48
stereoisomers that differ in its configuration at only one chiral carbon
epimers
49
it is a method for giving molecularity specifications in two dimensions
fisher projections
50
laevo
L
51
Dextro
D
52
*simplest pf monosaccharides
* important in intermediating process of glycolysis
D-glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone
53
*most abundant in nature
* most important in human nutritional standpoint
D-glucose
54
this keeps blood glucose concentration within the normal range
Insulin and Glucagon
55
Normal range for blood glucose
70-100 ml/dl
56
this is synthesized from glucose in the mammary glands for use in lactose
D-galactose
57
* biochemically the most important ketohexose
D-fructose
58
cells process this to obtain energy through aerobic breathing
fructose
59
this is a component of a variety of complex molecules, including RNA and adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
D-ribose
60
these projections are used for carbohydrates to visualize their 3D structure and to compare different carbons
Fisher projections
61
the product resulting from aldose cyclization
hemiacetal
62
the product resulting from ketose cyclization
hemiketal
63
the cyclic sugars are represented as
haworth projections
64
cyclic sugars the contain a five-membered ring
furanose
65
cyclic sugar that contains a six-membered ring
pyranose
66
in a hawort projection when the -OH group points down it is
an alpha isomer
67
in a haworth projection when the -OH group points up it is
a beta isomer
68
it is the interconversion of a- and B- anomers in solution and accompanied by a change in a specific rotation
mutarotation
69
it is the change in optical rotation
mutarotation
70
this is observed when alpha or beta anomers are dissolved in water
mutarotation
71
what are the 3 types of acid
1. aldonic acid
2. aldaric acid
3, alduronic acid
72
product of reduction
sugar alcohols or alditols
73
when reduced, what is glucose
sorbitol
74
when reduced, what is galactose
dulcitol
75
when reduced, what is mannose
mannitol
76
when reduced, what is fructose
mannitol + sorbitol
77
what do reducing sugars contain
1. aldehyde group
2. hydroxyketone
3. cyclic hemiacetal
78
weak oxidizing agents produce what type of acid
aldonic acid
79
strong oxidizing agents produce what type of acid
aldaric acid
80
enzymes produce what type of acid
alduronic acids
81
these tests are based on the formation of a brick red copper oxide precipitation as a positive result
benedict, barfoed, and fehlings test
82
this test is based on the formation of a silver mirror
tollens test
83
this test is more sensitive in that it can distinguish a reducing monosaccharide from reducing disaccharides
barfoed test
84
acetals are also called what
glycosides
85
a glycoside produced from glucose is called
glucoside
86
a galactose produced from glucose is called
galactoside
87
an acetal formed from a cyclic monosaccharide
glycoside
