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SNUG105 Person and Family Centred Care > Module 3 - Infants > Flashcards

Module 3 - Infants Flashcards

1
Q

What some anatomical and physiological difference between a child and adult?

A
  • Larger head with smaller, softer, and shorter upper airway.
  • Large tongue and narrow nasal passage
  • Proportionally greater body surface area than adults
  • Higher circulating blood volume
  • Higher metabolic rate
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2
Q

What five things would you look for when you approach a child to complete an assessment?

A
  • Tone - is the child active, playing or still and floppy?
  • Interactiveness - is the child interested in what’s happening around them?
  • Consolability - Are they easily calmed and comforted?
  • Look/Gaze - Are they looking at caregiver/toy or staring/not engaged?
  • Speech/Cry - Are they crying or talking? Or moaning or quiet.
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3
Q

Infants are _______________ breathers relying on their diaphragm.

A

Abdominal

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4
Q

What is the respiratory rate for infants under 3 months?

A

30-55

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5
Q

What is the respiratory rate for infants aged 3 - 12 months?

A

30-45

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6
Q

What is the respiratory rate for children 1 - 4 years?

A

20 - 40

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7
Q

What is the heart rate for children 3 - 12 months?

A

100 - 160

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8
Q

What is the heart rate for children under 3 months?

A

110-160

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9
Q

What does the acronym ABCDEF represent?

A

A - Airway

B - Breathing

C - Circulation

D - Disability

E- Exposure

F - Fluid

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10
Q

How long do the sutures of the skull stay unfused for?

A

12 - 18 months

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11
Q

The _________ __________ is useful in assessment of dehydration or increased intra-cranial pressure in newborns.

A

Anterior fontanelle

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12
Q

What pain scale would be appropriate for children?

A

WongBaker FACES Pain Rating Scale

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13
Q

Children have a larger body surface area than adults. What are children at greater risk of?

A

Excessive heat and fluid loss through the skin.

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14
Q

At what age is a baby considered a neonate?

A

Up to 28 days of age.

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15
Q

When completing an assessment for a neonate name three things to consider?

A
  1. No stranger anxiety
  2. No separation anxiety
  3. Should make eye contact
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16
Q

At what age is a child considered to be an infant?

A

28 days to 12 months old.

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17
Q

When completing an assessment for a infant name 4 things a nurse should consider?

A
  1. May be distracted by objects, can be consoled.
  2. Start to develop stranger danger and separation anxiety.
  3. Do a visual assessment first then hands on
  4. Engage the caregiver in assessment.
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18
Q

When completing an assessment on a toddler (1-2 years) what should a nurse consider? Name two things.

A
  • They may be scared or distrustful of strangers. Have caregiver present.
  • Try to make a game out of assessment (play and distraction).
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19
Q

When completing an assessment on a preschooler (3-5 years) what should a nurse consider?

A
  • They can get scared and fearful of being left alone.
  • Allow child to play with equipment.
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20
Q

When completing an assessment on a school aged child (6-12 years) what should a nurse consider?

A
  1. Fear separation from caregivers, friends and home
  2. Fear of loss of control and pain
  3. Limited understanding of assessment
  4. Involve them in care and give some control
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21
Q

When completing an assessment on a adolescent (13-18 years) what should a nurse consider?

A
  1. Treat them like adults
  2. Show respect, empathy and reassure
  3. Speak to them first then caregiver
  4. Ensure privacy is maintained.
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22
Q

Name 7 areas of health promotion for children.

A
  1. Nutrition
  2. Immunisations
  3. Safety
  4. Dental Care
  5. Socialisation
  6. Education
  7. Discipline
23
Q

What are three things a nurse must consider when advocating for family and child?

A
  1. Identify the families goals and needs
  2. Plan interventions that best address defined problems
  3. Assist family and child to make informed choices that act in the child’s best interest.
24
Q

How many stages are there is Erik Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development?

A

8

25
Q

Developmental stages of Infancy to Toddlerhood

Name 6 newborn reflexes.

A
  • rooting,
  • sucking,
  • swallowing,
  • grasping,
  • stepping
  • startle (moro).
26
Q

Developmental stages of Infancy to Toddlerhood

Name 4 things a newborn to 2 month old can do.

A
  1. Slightly rasie their head when laying on stomach
  2. hold head up for a few second with support
  3. Endogenous smile
  4. reacts to pain
27
Q

Developmental stages of Infancy to Toddlerhood

Developmental stages of Infancy to Toddlerhood

3-6 Months.

A
  • Roll over
  • Pull themselves up by grasping objects such as chairs
  • Sit up with no head lag [6mo]
  • Cooing sound
  • Laughing
  • Shake and play with objects
  • Objects to mouth
  • Can be calmed by parents voice
  • Exogenous smile
28
Q

Developmental stages of Infancy to Toddlerhood

6-9 Months

A
  • Crawling
  • Pointing
  • Babbles
  • Pull to standing
  • Moves objects between hands
  • Recognises familiar faces
  • may have stranger anxiety
  • Specific babbling – “mumma” “dadda”
29
Q

Developmental stages of Infancy to Toddlerhood

9-12 Months

A
  • • Walking and standing without assistance
  • Sit up unaided
  • Pick up and throw objects
  • Pincer grip (10mo)
  • Play pick-a-boo/ bye bye.
  • Repeating one word
  • Separation anxiety
  • 10 words (12mo)
30
Q

Developmental stages of Infancy to Toddlerhood

2 Years old.

A
  • increasing balance and hand-eye coordination
  • Walk backwards
  • Walk up and down stair without assistance
  • Moves and sways to music
  • Colouring and scribble with markers or crayons
  • Turn knobs and handles
  • Emergence of hand dominance (18mo)
  • 250 words
  • “No” is favourite word – may be aggressive
  • A world of objects – teddy, blanket.
31
Q

What is stage one Erik Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development?

A

Trust vs Mistrust

Fundamental - where infant learns if they can trust the World or not.

From birth to one year of age.

Trust = sense of safety and feeling secure. Comes from supportive care givers. Mistrust = fear and belief that the world is inconsistent and unpredictable. Comes from absent or unpredictable carer.

32
Q

What are ways to keep a newborn warm?

A
  1. Swaddling
  2. Clothing and hat
  3. Bathing - appropriate temperature
33
Q

What is the normal temperature range for a newborn?

A

36.5 - 37.4 degrees.

34
Q

What is the acceptable blood sugar level for a newborn less than 24 hours old?

A

> 2

Any thing less and the newborn is at risk of hypoglycemia

35
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia in newborn?

A
  • Irritability
  • Jitteriness
  • Tremors
  • Hypotonia
  • Lethargy
  • Temperature instability
  • High-pitched cry
36
Q

Why is a regular feeding routine important for infants?

A

To provide energy as babies have a higher metabloic rate and ensure blood sugar levels.

37
Q

What is jaundice?

A

Yellow discoloration of the skin and sclera (white of the eyeball) casued by hyperbilirubinemia, secondary to excessive breakdown of RBC.

38
Q

What is Antenatal depression?

A

Experiencing depression during pregnancy.

39
Q

What is postnatal depression?

A

Depression that occurs between one month and up to one year after the birth of a baby/babies.

40
Q

Postnatal depression affects __ in ___ women who gave birth in Australia.

A

1 in 7

41
Q

What are signs of the baby blues?

A
  • Being teary,
  • feeling irritable,
  • being overly sensitive in interactions with others,
  • feeling moody.
42
Q

What are some risk factors for antenatal and postnatal depression?

A
  • Personal or family history of mental health problems or current mental health problems
  • Current alcohol and/or drug problems
  • Lack of available support (e.g. practical or emotional support)
  • Current or past history of abuse (e.g. physical, psychological, sexual)
  • Negative or stressful life events (e.g. previous miscarriage or stillbirth)
  • loss of job or moving house
43
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of antenatal and postnatal depression?

A
  • Low mood
  • feeling numb, feeling of inadequacy, failure,guilt or shame, worthless, hopeless, helpless
  • Ofter feeling close to tears.
  • Feeling angry, irritable and resentful. Fear for the baby or being alone with the baby.
  • insomnia
  • appetite changes,
  • unmotivated
44
Q

What are some ways to treat depression?

A
  • Psychological/Talking Therapy
  • Medication
  • Alternative Medication
  • Hospital admission/Mother and Baby Units
  • Electroconvulsive Therapy
45
Q

What assessment would you use to assess neonatal pain?

A

The Modified Pain Assessment Tool (mPAT)

46
Q

What is mPAT?

A

The mPAT is an observational scale designed to assess neonatal pain. The mPAT has been validated for surgical and non-surgical neonates, from 24 weeks gestation to full term, up to 6 months old.

47
Q

What behavioural responses to pain does the mPAT focus on?

A
  • posture/tone
  • sleep pattern
  • facial expression
  • colour and cry
48
Q

What physiological responses to pain does the mPAT focus on?

A
  • respirations,
  • heart rate,
  • saturations
  • blood pressure
49
Q

What intervention would be utelised when a mPAT score is < 5?

A

Nursing Comfort Measures (NCM)

50
Q

What intervention would be utelised when mPAT score is > 5?

A

Paracetamol/Clonidine/Other Non-Opioid Analgesia with NCM

51
Q

What intervention would be utelised when mPAT score is >10?

A

opioids with Non-Opioid Analgesia/Analgesia Dose Adjustment with NCM

52
Q

What are Nursing Comfort Measures (NCM)?

A

Nursing comfort measures are non-pharmacological interventions that are very relevant to neonatal and infant pain management

53
Q

What are some examples of nursing comfort measures?

A
  • Breastfeeding,
  • repositioning,
  • swaddling,
  • nesting,
  • facilitated tucking,
  • containment holding,
  • decreaseing environmental stimuli,
  • tactile soothing,
  • talking to neonate,
  • nappy change,
  • dummy,
  • finger grasping,
  • skin to skin,
  • clustering care.
54
Q

Cooper is a 1 year old boy who is admitted to paediatric HDU following cardiac surgery. You notice that he is unresponsive, you call for help and begin to assess his airway. You position Cooper into what position to manage his airway?

A

Sniffing position

SNUG105 Person and Family Centred Care (11 decks)

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