Module 3: General Concepts About Bone, Joints, Muscle, Tendons, Ligaments, And Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Bones

A

Important skeletal structures that give shape to the body, provide for attachment of muscles, ligaments, and tendons, and help in locomotion.
4 types of bones

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2
Q

The 4 types of bones

A
  1. Long bones- eg. Humerus, femur
  2. Short bones- eg. Bones of the carpus (wrist), tarsus (ankle)
  3. Flat bones - eg. Bones of the skull
  4. Irregular bones - eg. Vertebrae, bones of the inner ear
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3
Q

Structure of Long Bone

A

Have a shaft = the diaphysis → has a medullary cavity
Have 2 ends = epiphyses → contains spongy bone internally
Covered by periosteum → all bones have this membrane
Outermost edge is of compact bone
Internally is of spongy bone and contains bone marrow

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4
Q

Epiphyseal cartilage

A

Separates each epiphysis from the diaphysis in young animals → helps in the growth of long bones
These cartilages become ossified (converted into bone) in mature animals → growth no longer possible

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5
Q

Periosteum

A

A membrane that covers bones during life
Peri = outside
Osteum = relating to bone

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6
Q

Compact bone

A

Hard bone
Makes up the outermost edge of long bones

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7
Q

Spongy bone

A

Composed of a lattice of interweaving plates and spicules
Makes up the inside of long bones and is prominent on either end of long bones

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8
Q

Bone marrow (location)

A

Contained in the spaces in the spongy bone and the medullary cavity

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9
Q

Bone is a living tissue

A

The matrix = organic, made of collagen → mineralized by calcium phosphate deposits
Bone contain living cells = osteocytes → live in small spaces within the bone = lacunae

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10
Q

Specific terms relating to bones

A

Caput
Tubercle/ tuberosity/ process
Condyle
Fossa
Fovea
Foramen
Spine or spinous process
Groove

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11
Q

Caput

A

Head (in relation to bone)

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12
Q

Tubercle/tuberosity/process

A

A bony prominence

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13
Q

Condyle

A

Rounded protuberance that articulates with another bone

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14
Q

Fossa

A

Depression on the bone

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15
Q

Fovea

A

Smaller depression on the bone

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16
Q

Foramen

A

A hole in the bone that usually contains a blood vessel or nerve

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17
Q

Spine or spinous process

A

Sharp projection from the bone

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18
Q

Groove

A

Smooth space on the surface of the bone that’s occupied by a muscle or another structure

19
Q

Joints

A

Formed by bones “articulating” with each other
Cartilage covers the articular surfaces of bones
Different types of joints: fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

20
Q

Cartilage

A

Specialized tissue that protects the bony surfaces of articulating bones → prevents the bones from rubbing against each other

21
Q

Fibrous joints

A

Present between bones of the skull → usually known as “sutures”

22
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

Can be temporary or permanent
Temporary= epiphyseal cartilages in long bones
Permanent = between successive vertebrae in thespinal column

23
Q

Synovial joints

A

Articular surfaces are separated by a fluid-filled space
Frequently seen when movement is involved
Example: the shoulder joint, between the scapula and head of the humerus, between the tibia and fibula, etc.

24
Q

Ligaments

A

Tough fibrous structures used to stabilize joints
Made of thick collagen fibers that are well organized as parallel bundles
Classified as “dense regular collagenous tissue”
Also associated with visceral organs → to suspend them in body cavities or to provide attachment to other structures

25
Tendons
Also bundles of dense regular connective tissue but help muscles attach to bones Tough, permit some stretching and provides a strong attachment for the muscles Transmit forces from the muscle to the bone facilitating movement of bones in response to muscle contraction or relaxation
26
Fascia
The connective tissue present between the skin and underlying tissue Known as "loose irregular connective tissue" → flimsy, has fewer collagen fibers and connective tissue cells Supports blood vessels and nerves that run through it → a lot of it is under the skin
27
Muscle
Important tissue that also gives form to the body → has a lot of anatomical and physiological functions Made of bundles of myofibers (muscle cells - these are unique in their structure and function) 3 basic types of muscle: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
28
Skeletal muscle
Attached to bones Under voluntary control Anatomically divided into different groups based ontheir location in the body and what their function is (names are derived from Latin)
29
Smooth muscle
Found in internal organs and blood vessels Under involuntary control
30
Cardiac muscle
Found only in the heart Has an intrinsic capacity to contract and relax = generate a heart beat
31
Extensors
Help to extend the limbs
32
Flexors
Will flex the limb
33
Adductors
Move the limbs towards the body
34
Abductors
Move limbs away from the body
35
Retractors
Help to retract structures into the body
36
- Longus
Ending of a muscle name Means the muscle is long
37
- Brevis
Ending of a muscle name Means the muscle is short
38
Rectus
A straight muscle
39
Obliquus
An oblique (slanting) muscle.
40
Orbicularis
A circular muscle
41
Sphincters
Muscles around openings to help them open and close
42
External muscles
Muscles are on the outside
43
Internal muscles
Muscles that are on the inside