Module 3: General Concepts About Bone, Joints, Muscle, Tendons, Ligaments, And Connective Tissue

Question 1

Bones

Answer 1

Important skeletal structures that give shape to the body, provide for attachment of muscles, ligaments, and tendons, and help in locomotion.
4 types of bones

Question 2

The 4 types of bones

Answer 2

1. Long bones- eg. Humerus, femur
2. Short bones- eg. Bones of the carpus (wrist), tarsus (ankle)
3. Flat bones - eg. Bones of the skull
4. Irregular bones - eg. Vertebrae, bones of the inner ear

Question 3

Structure of Long Bone

Answer 3

Have a shaft = the diaphysis → has a medullary cavity
Have 2 ends = epiphyses → contains spongy bone internally
Covered by periosteum → all bones have this membrane
Outermost edge is of compact bone
Internally is of spongy bone and contains bone marrow

Question 4

Epiphyseal cartilage

Answer 4

Separates each epiphysis from the diaphysis in young animals → helps in the growth of long bones
These cartilages become ossified (converted into bone) in mature animals → growth no longer possible

Question 5

Periosteum

Answer 5

A membrane that covers bones during life
Peri = outside
Osteum = relating to bone

Question 6

Compact bone

Answer 6

Hard bone
Makes up the outermost edge of long bones

Question 7

Spongy bone

Answer 7

Composed of a lattice of interweaving plates and spicules
Makes up the inside of long bones and is prominent on either end of long bones

Question 8

Bone marrow (location)

Answer 8

Contained in the spaces in the spongy bone and the medullary cavity

Question 9

Bone is a living tissue

Answer 9

The matrix = organic, made of collagen → mineralized by calcium phosphate deposits
Bone contain living cells = osteocytes → live in small spaces within the bone = lacunae

Question 10

Specific terms relating to bones

Answer 10

Caput
Tubercle/ tuberosity/ process
Condyle
Fossa
Fovea
Foramen
Spine or spinous process
Groove

Question 11

Caput

Answer 11

Head (in relation to bone)

Question 12

Tubercle/tuberosity/process

Answer 12

A bony prominence

Question 13

Condyle

Answer 13

Rounded protuberance that articulates with another bone

Question 14

Fossa

Answer 14

Depression on the bone

Question 15

Fovea

Answer 15

Smaller depression on the bone

Question 16

Foramen

Answer 16

A hole in the bone that usually contains a blood vessel or nerve

Question 17

Spine or spinous process

Answer 17

Sharp projection from the bone

Question 18

Groove

Answer 18

Smooth space on the surface of the bone that’s occupied by a muscle or another structure

Question 19

Joints

Answer 19

Formed by bones “articulating” with each other
Cartilage covers the articular surfaces of bones
Different types of joints: fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

Question 20

Cartilage

Answer 20

Specialized tissue that protects the bony surfaces of articulating bones → prevents the bones from rubbing against each other

Question 21

Fibrous joints

Answer 21

Present between bones of the skull → usually known as “sutures”

Question 22

Cartilaginous joints

Answer 22

Can be temporary or permanent
Temporary= epiphyseal cartilages in long bones
Permanent = between successive vertebrae in thespinal column

Question 23

Synovial joints

Answer 23

Articular surfaces are separated by a fluid-filled space
Frequently seen when movement is involved
Example: the shoulder joint, between the scapula and head of the humerus, between the tibia and fibula, etc.

Question 24

Ligaments

Answer 24

Tough fibrous structures used to stabilize joints
Made of thick collagen fibers that are well organized as parallel bundles
Classified as “dense regular collagenous tissue”
Also associated with visceral organs → to suspend them in body cavities or to provide attachment to other structures

Question 25

Tendons

Answer 25

Also bundles of dense regular connective tissue but help muscles attach to bones
Tough, permit some stretching and provides a strong attachment for the muscles
Transmit forces from the muscle to the bone facilitating movement of bones in response to muscle contraction or relaxation

Question 26

Fascia

Answer 26

The connective tissue present between the skin and underlying tissue
Known as “loose irregular connective tissue” → flimsy, has fewer collagen fibers and connective tissue cells
Supports blood vessels and nerves that run through it → a lot of it is under the skin

Question 27

Muscle

Answer 27

Important tissue that also gives form to the body → has a lot of anatomical and physiological functions
Made of bundles of myofibers (muscle cells - these are unique in their structure and function)
3 basic types of muscle: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac

Question 28

Skeletal muscle

Answer 28

Attached to bones
Under voluntary control
Anatomically divided into different groups based ontheir location in the body and what their function is (names are derived from Latin)

Question 29

Smooth muscle

Answer 29

Found in internal organs and blood vessels
Under involuntary control

Question 30

Cardiac muscle

Answer 30

Found only in the heart
Has an intrinsic capacity to contract and relax = generate a heart beat

Question 31

Extensors

Answer 31

Help to extend the limbs

Question 32

Flexors

Answer 32

Will flex the limb

Question 33

Adductors

Answer 33

Move the limbs towards the body

Question 34

Abductors

Answer 34

Move limbs away from the body

Question 35

Retractors

Answer 35

Help to retract structures into the body

Question 36

• Longus

Answer 36

Ending of a muscle name
Means the muscle is long

Question 37

• Brevis

Answer 37

Ending of a muscle name
Means the muscle is short

Question 38

Rectus

Answer 38

A straight muscle

Question 39

Obliquus

Answer 39

An oblique (slanting) muscle.

Question 40

Orbicularis

Answer 40

A circular muscle

Question 41

Sphincters

Answer 41

Muscles around openings to help them open and close

Question 42

External muscles

Answer 42

Muscles are on the outside

Question 43

Internal muscles

Answer 43

Muscles that are on the inside