Module 3: General Concepts About Bone, Joints, Muscle, Tendons, Ligaments, And Connective Tissue Flashcards
Bones
Important skeletal structures that give shape to the body, provide for attachment of muscles, ligaments, and tendons, and help in locomotion.
4 types of bones
The 4 types of bones
- Long bones- eg. Humerus, femur
- Short bones- eg. Bones of the carpus (wrist), tarsus (ankle)
- Flat bones - eg. Bones of the skull
- Irregular bones - eg. Vertebrae, bones of the inner ear
Structure of Long Bone
Have a shaft = the diaphysis → has a medullary cavity
Have 2 ends = epiphyses → contains spongy bone internally
Covered by periosteum → all bones have this membrane
Outermost edge is of compact bone
Internally is of spongy bone and contains bone marrow
Epiphyseal cartilage
Separates each epiphysis from the diaphysis in young animals → helps in the growth of long bones
These cartilages become ossified (converted into bone) in mature animals → growth no longer possible
Periosteum
A membrane that covers bones during life
Peri = outside
Osteum = relating to bone
Compact bone
Hard bone
Makes up the outermost edge of long bones
Spongy bone
Composed of a lattice of interweaving plates and spicules
Makes up the inside of long bones and is prominent on either end of long bones
Bone marrow (location)
Contained in the spaces in the spongy bone and the medullary cavity
Bone is a living tissue
The matrix = organic, made of collagen → mineralized by calcium phosphate deposits
Bone contain living cells = osteocytes → live in small spaces within the bone = lacunae
Specific terms relating to bones
Caput
Tubercle/ tuberosity/ process
Condyle
Fossa
Fovea
Foramen
Spine or spinous process
Groove
Caput
Head (in relation to bone)
Tubercle/tuberosity/process
A bony prominence
Condyle
Rounded protuberance that articulates with another bone
Fossa
Depression on the bone
Fovea
Smaller depression on the bone
Foramen
A hole in the bone that usually contains a blood vessel or nerve
Spine or spinous process
Sharp projection from the bone
Groove
Smooth space on the surface of the bone that’s occupied by a muscle or another structure
Joints
Formed by bones “articulating” with each other
Cartilage covers the articular surfaces of bones
Different types of joints: fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
Cartilage
Specialized tissue that protects the bony surfaces of articulating bones → prevents the bones from rubbing against each other
Fibrous joints
Present between bones of the skull → usually known as “sutures”
Cartilaginous joints
Can be temporary or permanent
Temporary= epiphyseal cartilages in long bones
Permanent = between successive vertebrae in thespinal column
Synovial joints
Articular surfaces are separated by a fluid-filled space
Frequently seen when movement is involved
Example: the shoulder joint, between the scapula and head of the humerus, between the tibia and fibula, etc.
Ligaments
Tough fibrous structures used to stabilize joints
Made of thick collagen fibers that are well organized as parallel bundles
Classified as “dense regular collagenous tissue”
Also associated with visceral organs → to suspend them in body cavities or to provide attachment to other structures
Tendons
Also bundles of dense regular connective tissue but help muscles attach to bones
Tough, permit some stretching and provides a strong attachment for the muscles
Transmit forces from the muscle to the bone facilitating movement of bones in response to muscle contraction or relaxation
Fascia
The connective tissue present between the skin and underlying tissue
Known as “loose irregular connective tissue” → flimsy, has fewer collagen fibers and connective tissue cells
Supports blood vessels and nerves that run through it → a lot of it is under the skin
Muscle
Important tissue that also gives form to the body → has a lot of anatomical and physiological functions
Made of bundles of myofibers (muscle cells - these are unique in their structure and function)
3 basic types of muscle: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
Skeletal muscle
Attached to bones
Under voluntary control
Anatomically divided into different groups based ontheir location in the body and what their function is (names are derived from Latin)
Smooth muscle
Found in internal organs and blood vessels
Under involuntary control
Cardiac muscle
Found only in the heart
Has an intrinsic capacity to contract and relax = generate a heart beat
Extensors
Help to extend the limbs
Flexors
Will flex the limb
Adductors
Move the limbs towards the body
Abductors
Move limbs away from the body
Retractors
Help to retract structures into the body
- Longus
Ending of a muscle name
Means the muscle is long
- Brevis
Ending of a muscle name
Means the muscle is short
Rectus
A straight muscle
Obliquus
An oblique (slanting) muscle.
Orbicularis
A circular muscle
Sphincters
Muscles around openings to help them open and close
External muscles
Muscles are on the outside
Internal muscles
Muscles that are on the inside