Module 1: Basic Ideas, Concepts & Anatomical Terms

Question 1

Saggital Plane

Answer 1

Divides body into left and right halves ( parallel to ground)

Question 2

Coronal/Frontal Plane

Answer 2

Divides the body into dorsal and ventral sections

Question 3

Transverse Plane

Answer 3

Divides the body into cranial and caudal sections

It is perpendicular to the long axis of body

Question 4

Dorsal

Answer 4

Related to the back (aka upper side) of animal when on its 4 legs

Question 5

Ventral

Answer 5

Related to belly of animal when it’s standing

Question 6

Cranial

Answer 6

Towards the head of animal while it’s standing

Question 7

Caudal

Answer 7

Towards tail of animal while animal is standing

Also: for structures in head when they’re located toward the tail

Question 8

Rostral

Answer 8

Structures in head located towards the muzzle

Question 9

Anterior

Answer 9

Structures in head located closer to front of body/nearer to the head

Question 10

Posterior

Answer 10

Structures located closer to hind end of body

Question 11

Proximal

Answer 11

Structures close towards where the limbs join to the body

Question 12

Distal

Answer 12

Structures that are distanced away from where the limbs join to the body

Question 13

Dorsal

Answer 13

Structures directed toward back (spine) of animal that’s standing on all fours

Question 14

Palmar

Answer 14

Structures directed toward “underside” of the forearm/forelimb ( ie palm of hand)

Question 15

Plantar

Answer 15

Structures directed towards the “underside” or “bottom surface”of foot (hindlimb)

Question 16

Midline

Answer 16

Vertical axis along the sagittal plane (left and right halves) btwn limbs of animal

Question 17

Medial

Answer 17

Structures directed toward the midline

Question 18

Lateral

Answer 18

Structures directed away from midline’s ie. Directed toward the side

Question 19

Axial

Answer 19

Structures directed toward the longitudinal axis of a limb

Question 20

Abaxial

Answer 20

Structures directed awayfrom the longitudinal axis of a limb

Question 21

Buccal aka labial

Answer 21

Structures in the mouth directed toward the cheek

Question 22

Lingual

Answer 22

Struchunes directed toward the tongue

Question 23

Mesial

Answer 23

Related to the surface that’s directed towards the midline of the jaw (dental arch)

Question 24

Distal (dental arch).

Answer 24

Related to the surface directed awayfrom the midline of the jaw (dental arch)

Question 25

Occlusal

Answer 25

The grinding surface of the teeth

Question 26

Diastema

Answer 26

Space or gap between two teeth | For veterinary: significantly large diastema btw canines and premolars

Question 27

Connective tissue

Answer 27

A group of tissues important for providing support, link, and separation to various types of tissues and organs

Question 28

Other types of tissue

Answer 28

Epithelial, muscle, and nervous tissues

Question 29

Types of connective tissue

Answer 29

1. Several types of fibrous tissues →ex: fascia = soft tissue surrounding muscles and under the skin 2. Specialized tissues → bones, ligaments, tendons, cartilage, adipose tissue Ex: mesentery = membranous structure that suspends intestinesin the abdominal cavity Ex: synovial membrane = found in joints

Question 30

Main components of connective tissue

Answer 30

1. Fibers. 2. Ground substance (aka formless matrix). 3. Cells. The proportion of these parts vary amongst different types of connective tissue and depends on the structure requirements The proportion of the components → variation in anatomical classification of connective tissue

Question 31

Fibers of connective tissue

Answer 31

3 kinds: collagenous, elastic, reticular

Question 32

Collagenous fibers

Answer 32

Most abundant Made of the protein "collagen" Helps tissues bind to each other Ex: tendon, ligaments, skin, cartilage, bone, etc.

Question 32

Collagenous fibers

Answer 32

Most abundant type of fibers that makes up connective tissues Made of the protein "collagen" Helps tissues bind to each other Ex: tendon, ligaments, skin, cartilage, bone, etc.

Question 33

Elastic fibers

Answer 33

Made of the protein “elastin” | Facilitates recoiling in structures like arteries, lung, etc

Question 34

Reticular fibers

Answer 34

Contain the protein "reticulin" | Provides scaffolding for other cells in structures like liver, lymphoid organs, etc

Question 35

Ground substance of connective tissue

Answer 35

Made of formless matrix Has large carbohydrates (chondroitin sulfate) and complexes containing proteins and carbohydrates (ex: glycosaminoglycans)

Question 36

Cells of connective tissues

Answer 36

2 types: stationary (ex: fibroblasts, adipocytes) & migrating (ex: mast cells, macrophages, monocytes, lymphocytes, etc)

Question 37

Types of connective tissue

Answer 37

3 types: loose, dense, specialized

Question 38

Loose connective tissue

Answer 38

Most common type; supports organs and serves to provide attachment for epithelial tissue to underlying tissue Ex: areolar tissue (fascia)

Question 39

Dense connective tissue

Answer 39

Made of bundles of collagen and fibroblasts; subdivided into dense regular connective tissue and dense irregular connective tissue Ex: tendons, ligaments, etc.

Question 40

Specialized connective tissue

Answer 40

Ex: blood, cartilage, bone, etc.

Question 41

Blood vessels

Answer 41

Critical part of the circulatory system → transport blood throughout the body Major types: arteries, veins, arterioles,, venues, and capillaries

Question 42

Arteries and arterioles

Answer 42

Arteries: carry blood FROM the heart to the organs and tissues Consist of 3 layers: 1. Tunica intima, 2. Tunica media 3. Tunica adventitia Elastic in nature → relax and contract in rhythm with the heart → maintain blood pressure Branch into smaller vessels that further branch→ smallest of the branches = arterioles

Question 43

Tunica intima

Answer 43

Thinnest layer that makes up an artery | Consists of endothelial cells surrounded by connective tissue

Question 44

Tunica media

Answer 44

The thickest layer that makes up an artery | Consists of elastic fibers, connective tissue vascular smooth muscles

Question 45

Tunica adventitia

Answer 45

The third layer that makes up an artery | Made of connective tissue and has nerves that regulate the vessels

Question 46

Veins and venules

Answer 46

Veins carry blood TO the heart Have all 3 layers seen in arteries but they're much thinner Smallest of venous branches = venules → form smaller veins → form bigger venous branches → form the veins Veins also can dilate to accommodate increase in blood volume

Question 47

Capillaries

Answer 47

A bridge between arteries and veins Have very thin walls → lets nutrients including oxygen to pass from blood to tissues and substances from tissues back into circulation

Question 48

Lymphatic vessels

Answer 48

Function: primarily transport lymph from the tissues to the circulation

Question 49

Structure of lymphatic vessels

Answer 49

Structure is similar to blood vessels → generally lined by endothelial cells, smooth muscles and connective tissue (adventitia) Smaller lymph vessels and lymphatic capillaries lack the muscular and connective tissue layers → lymph flow in these vessels is mainly via gravitational force and hydrostatic pressure from surrounding tissues

Question 50

Afferent lymph vessels

Answer 50

Enter the lymph nodes → form a plexus → open into the lymph sinuses of the cortex of the lymph nodes → bring lymph into the lymph nodes

Question 51

Efferent lymph vessels

Answer 51

Start from the lymph nodes → drain into other lymph nodes in the path of drainage or into veins → carry filtered lymph from the lymph nodes

Question 52

How does lymph movement across the lymphatic vessels occur?

Answer 52

Lymph movement across the lymphatic vessels occurs due to contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles in the lymph vessels and is aided in their efforts by valves