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PreVet Anatomy > Module 1: Basic Ideas, Concepts & Anatomical Terms > Flashcards

Module 1: Basic Ideas, Concepts & Anatomical Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Saggital Plane

A

Divides body into left and right halves ( parallel to ground)

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2
Q

Coronal/Frontal Plane

A

Divides the body into dorsal and ventral sections

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3
Q

Transverse Plane

A

Divides the body into cranial and caudal sections

It is perpendicular to the long axis of body

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4
Q

Dorsal

A

Related to the back (aka upper side) of animal when on its 4 legs

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5
Q

Ventral

A

Related to belly of animal when it’s standing

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6
Q

Cranial

A

Towards the head of animal while it’s standing

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7
Q

Caudal

A

Towards tail of animal while animal is standing

Also: for structures in head when they’re located toward the tail

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8
Q

Rostral

A

Structures in head located towards the muzzle

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9
Q

Anterior

A

Structures in head located closer to front of body/nearer to the head

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10
Q

Posterior

A

Structures located closer to hind end of body

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11
Q

Proximal

A

Structures close towards where the limbs join to the body

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12
Q

Distal

A

Structures that are distanced away from where the limbs join to the body

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13
Q

Dorsal

A

Structures directed toward back (spine) of animal that’s standing on all fours

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14
Q

Palmar

A

Structures directed toward “underside” of the forearm/forelimb ( ie palm of hand)

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15
Q

Plantar

A

Structures directed towards the “underside” or “bottom surface”of foot (hindlimb)

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16
Q

Midline

A

Vertical axis along the sagittal plane (left and right halves) btwn limbs of animal

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17
Q

Medial

A

Structures directed toward the midline

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18
Q

Lateral

A

Structures directed away from midline’s ie. Directed toward the side

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19
Q

Axial

A

Structures directed toward the longitudinal axis of a limb

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20
Q

Abaxial

A

Structures directed awayfrom the longitudinal axis of a limb

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21
Q

Buccal aka labial

A

Structures in the mouth directed toward the cheek

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22
Q

Lingual

A

Struchunes directed toward the tongue

23
Q

Mesial

A

Related to the surface that’s directed towards the midline of the jaw (dental arch)

24
Q

Distal (dental arch).

A

Related to the surface directed awayfrom the midline of the jaw (dental arch)

25
Q

Occlusal

A

The grinding surface of the teeth

26
Q

Diastema

A

Space or gap between two teeth

For veterinary: significantly large diastema btw canines and premolars

27
Q

Connective tissue

A

A group of tissues important for providing support, link, and separation to various types of tissues and organs

28
Q

Other types of tissue

A

Epithelial, muscle, and nervous tissues

29
Q

Types of connective tissue

A
  1. Several types of fibrous tissues →ex: fascia = soft tissue surrounding muscles and under the skin
  2. Specialized tissues → bones, ligaments, tendons, cartilage, adipose tissue
    Ex: mesentery = membranous structure that suspends intestinesin the abdominal cavity
    Ex: synovial membrane = found in joints
30
Q

Main components of connective tissue

A
  1. Fibers. 2. Ground substance (aka formless matrix). 3. Cells.
    The proportion of these parts vary amongst different types of connective tissue and depends on the structure requirements
    The proportion of the components → variation in anatomical classification of connective tissue
31
Q

Fibers of connective tissue

A

3 kinds: collagenous, elastic, reticular

32
Q

Collagenous fibers

A

Most abundant
Made of the protein “collagen”
Helps tissues bind to each other
Ex: tendon, ligaments, skin, cartilage, bone, etc.

32
Q

Collagenous fibers

A

Most abundant type of fibers that makes up connective tissues
Made of the protein “collagen”
Helps tissues bind to each other
Ex: tendon, ligaments, skin, cartilage, bone, etc.

33
Q

Elastic fibers

A

Made of the protein “elastin”

Facilitates recoiling in structures like arteries, lung, etc

34
Q

Reticular fibers

A

Contain the protein “reticulin”

Provides scaffolding for other cells in structures like liver, lymphoid organs, etc

35
Q

Ground substance of connective tissue

A

Made of formless matrix
Has large carbohydrates (chondroitin sulfate) and complexes containing proteins and carbohydrates (ex: glycosaminoglycans)

36
Q

Cells of connective tissues

A

2 types: stationary (ex: fibroblasts, adipocytes) & migrating (ex: mast cells, macrophages, monocytes, lymphocytes, etc)

37
Q

Types of connective tissue

A

3 types: loose, dense, specialized

38
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

Most common type; supports organs and serves to provide attachment for epithelial tissue to underlying tissue
Ex: areolar tissue (fascia)

39
Q

Dense connective tissue

A

Made of bundles of collagen and fibroblasts; subdivided into dense regular connective tissue and dense irregular connective tissue
Ex: tendons, ligaments, etc.

40
Q

Specialized connective tissue

A

Ex: blood, cartilage, bone, etc.

41
Q

Blood vessels

A

Critical part of the circulatory system → transport blood throughout the body
Major types: arteries, veins, arterioles,, venues, and capillaries

42
Q

Arteries and arterioles

A

Arteries: carry blood FROM the heart to the organs and tissues
Consist of 3 layers: 1. Tunica intima, 2. Tunica media 3. Tunica adventitia
Elastic in nature → relax and contract in rhythm with the heart → maintain blood pressure
Branch into smaller vessels that further branch→ smallest of the branches = arterioles

43
Q

Tunica intima

A

Thinnest layer that makes up an artery

Consists of endothelial cells surrounded by connective tissue

44
Q

Tunica media

A

The thickest layer that makes up an artery

Consists of elastic fibers, connective tissue vascular smooth muscles

45
Q

Tunica adventitia

A

The third layer that makes up an artery

Made of connective tissue and has nerves that regulate the vessels

46
Q

Veins and venules

A

Veins carry blood TO the heart
Have all 3 layers seen in arteries but they’re much thinner
Smallest of venous branches = venules → form smaller veins → form bigger venous branches → form the veins
Veins also can dilate to accommodate increase in blood volume

47
Q

Capillaries

A

A bridge between arteries and veins
Have very thin walls → lets nutrients including oxygen to pass from blood to tissues and substances from tissues back into circulation

48
Q

Lymphatic vessels

A

Function: primarily transport lymph from the tissues to the circulation

49
Q

Structure of lymphatic vessels

A

Structure is similar to blood vessels → generally lined by endothelial cells, smooth muscles and connective tissue (adventitia)
Smaller lymph vessels and lymphatic capillaries lack the muscular and connective tissue layers → lymph flow in these vessels is mainly via gravitational force and hydrostatic pressure from surrounding tissues

50
Q

Afferent lymph vessels

A

Enter the lymph nodes → form a plexus → open into the lymph sinuses of the cortex of the lymph nodes → bring lymph into the lymph nodes

51
Q

Efferent lymph vessels

A

Start from the lymph nodes → drain into other lymph nodes in the path of drainage or into veins → carry filtered lymph from the lymph nodes

52
Q

How does lymph movement across the lymphatic vessels occur?

A

Lymph movement across the lymphatic vessels occurs due to contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles in the lymph vessels and is aided in their efforts by valves

PreVet Anatomy (11 decks)

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