Module 1: Basic Ideas, Concepts & Anatomical Terms Flashcards
Saggital Plane
Divides body into left and right halves ( parallel to ground)
Coronal/Frontal Plane
Divides the body into dorsal and ventral sections
Transverse Plane
Divides the body into cranial and caudal sections
It is perpendicular to the long axis of body
Dorsal
Related to the back (aka upper side) of animal when on its 4 legs
Ventral
Related to belly of animal when it’s standing
Cranial
Towards the head of animal while it’s standing
Caudal
Towards tail of animal while animal is standing
Also: for structures in head when they’re located toward the tail
Rostral
Structures in head located towards the muzzle
Anterior
Structures in head located closer to front of body/nearer to the head
Posterior
Structures located closer to hind end of body
Proximal
Structures close towards where the limbs join to the body
Distal
Structures that are distanced away from where the limbs join to the body
Dorsal
Structures directed toward back (spine) of animal that’s standing on all fours
Palmar
Structures directed toward “underside” of the forearm/forelimb ( ie palm of hand)
Plantar
Structures directed towards the “underside” or “bottom surface”of foot (hindlimb)
Midline
Vertical axis along the sagittal plane (left and right halves) btwn limbs of animal
Medial
Structures directed toward the midline
Lateral
Structures directed away from midline’s ie. Directed toward the side
Axial
Structures directed toward the longitudinal axis of a limb
Abaxial
Structures directed awayfrom the longitudinal axis of a limb
Buccal aka labial
Structures in the mouth directed toward the cheek
Lingual
Struchunes directed toward the tongue
Mesial
Related to the surface that’s directed towards the midline of the jaw (dental arch)
Distal (dental arch).
Related to the surface directed awayfrom the midline of the jaw (dental arch)
Occlusal
The grinding surface of the teeth
Diastema
Space or gap between two teeth
For veterinary: significantly large diastema btw canines and premolars
Connective tissue
A group of tissues important for providing support, link, and separation to various types of tissues and organs
Other types of tissue
Epithelial, muscle, and nervous tissues
Types of connective tissue
- Several types of fibrous tissues →ex: fascia = soft tissue surrounding muscles and under the skin
- Specialized tissues → bones, ligaments, tendons, cartilage, adipose tissue
Ex: mesentery = membranous structure that suspends intestinesin the abdominal cavity
Ex: synovial membrane = found in joints
Main components of connective tissue
- Fibers. 2. Ground substance (aka formless matrix). 3. Cells.
The proportion of these parts vary amongst different types of connective tissue and depends on the structure requirements
The proportion of the components → variation in anatomical classification of connective tissue
Fibers of connective tissue
3 kinds: collagenous, elastic, reticular
Collagenous fibers
Most abundant
Made of the protein “collagen”
Helps tissues bind to each other
Ex: tendon, ligaments, skin, cartilage, bone, etc.
Collagenous fibers
Most abundant type of fibers that makes up connective tissues
Made of the protein “collagen”
Helps tissues bind to each other
Ex: tendon, ligaments, skin, cartilage, bone, etc.
Elastic fibers
Made of the protein “elastin”
Facilitates recoiling in structures like arteries, lung, etc
Reticular fibers
Contain the protein “reticulin”
Provides scaffolding for other cells in structures like liver, lymphoid organs, etc
Ground substance of connective tissue
Made of formless matrix
Has large carbohydrates (chondroitin sulfate) and complexes containing proteins and carbohydrates (ex: glycosaminoglycans)
Cells of connective tissues
2 types: stationary (ex: fibroblasts, adipocytes) & migrating (ex: mast cells, macrophages, monocytes, lymphocytes, etc)
Types of connective tissue
3 types: loose, dense, specialized
Loose connective tissue
Most common type; supports organs and serves to provide attachment for epithelial tissue to underlying tissue
Ex: areolar tissue (fascia)
Dense connective tissue
Made of bundles of collagen and fibroblasts; subdivided into dense regular connective tissue and dense irregular connective tissue
Ex: tendons, ligaments, etc.
Specialized connective tissue
Ex: blood, cartilage, bone, etc.
Blood vessels
Critical part of the circulatory system → transport blood throughout the body
Major types: arteries, veins, arterioles,, venues, and capillaries
Arteries and arterioles
Arteries: carry blood FROM the heart to the organs and tissues
Consist of 3 layers: 1. Tunica intima, 2. Tunica media 3. Tunica adventitia
Elastic in nature → relax and contract in rhythm with the heart → maintain blood pressure
Branch into smaller vessels that further branch→ smallest of the branches = arterioles
Tunica intima
Thinnest layer that makes up an artery
Consists of endothelial cells surrounded by connective tissue
Tunica media
The thickest layer that makes up an artery
Consists of elastic fibers, connective tissue vascular smooth muscles
Tunica adventitia
The third layer that makes up an artery
Made of connective tissue and has nerves that regulate the vessels
Veins and venules
Veins carry blood TO the heart
Have all 3 layers seen in arteries but they’re much thinner
Smallest of venous branches = venules → form smaller veins → form bigger venous branches → form the veins
Veins also can dilate to accommodate increase in blood volume
Capillaries
A bridge between arteries and veins
Have very thin walls → lets nutrients including oxygen to pass from blood to tissues and substances from tissues back into circulation
Lymphatic vessels
Function: primarily transport lymph from the tissues to the circulation
Structure of lymphatic vessels
Structure is similar to blood vessels → generally lined by endothelial cells, smooth muscles and connective tissue (adventitia)
Smaller lymph vessels and lymphatic capillaries lack the muscular and connective tissue layers → lymph flow in these vessels is mainly via gravitational force and hydrostatic pressure from surrounding tissues
Afferent lymph vessels
Enter the lymph nodes → form a plexus → open into the lymph sinuses of the cortex of the lymph nodes → bring lymph into the lymph nodes
Efferent lymph vessels
Start from the lymph nodes → drain into other lymph nodes in the path of drainage or into veins → carry filtered lymph from the lymph nodes
How does lymph movement across the lymphatic vessels occur?
Lymph movement across the lymphatic vessels occurs due to contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles in the lymph vessels and is aided in their efforts by valves
