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Comparative Anatomy > Module 3 - Development > Flashcards

Module 3 - Development Flashcards

1
Q

Eggs and cleavage

A

Cleavage - splitting
Size and distribution of yolk
Polarity in some
Animal pole - embro
Vegetal pole - yolk

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2
Q

Holoblastic cleavage

A

complete, all embryo

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3
Q

isolechital eggs

A

sparse, evenly distributed yolk
- therian mammals, amphixous

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4
Q

Mesolechital eggs

A

moderate vegetal yolk disposition
- amphibians

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5
Q

meroblastic

A

incomplete cleavage

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6
Q

telolecithal (megalecithal)

A

dense yolk

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7
Q

discoidal cleavage

A

only small part becomes embryo
- most fish, reptiles, birds, monotremes

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8
Q

Early stages

A
  1. morula - solid ball of cells
  2. Blastula - becomes hollow
  3. Hollow - Blastocoel
    - inner cell mass = embryo
    - Also source of embryonic stem cells.
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9
Q

Label:
Blastopore
Gastrocoel
Endoderm
Ectoderm

A

yellow; ectoderm
blue; endoderm
red; gastrocoel
dark blue; blastopore

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10
Q

gastrula

A

invagination

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11
Q

opening

A

blastopore

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12
Q

deuterostome

A

“second mouth”
- becomes anus in craniates

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13
Q

tube

A

gastocoel or archenteron

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14
Q

diploblastic - two layers

A

Endoderm - inside
Ectoderm - outside

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15
Q

Mesoderm

A
  • part of the endoderm differentiates
  • takes part of the gastrocoel with it
  • enterocoely
  • primitive streak in amniotes - occurs at the same time
  • sets up axes of the body
  • different in protostomes
  • triploblastic
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16
Q

Differentation

A

Quickly the tissue layers begin to differentaite

  • notochord already visible early
  • Neural plate will form neural tube
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17
Q

Neuralation

A
  • neural plate folds
  • neural crest begins formation
  • mesoderm differentates
  • coelom forms
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18
Q

Mesoderm splits

A

Dermatome - dermis

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19
Q

myotome

A

muscle

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20
Q

sclerotime

A

vertebrae, vertebral rib

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21
Q

nephrotome

A

kidney

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22
Q

somatic hypomere

A

limbs, peritoneum, gonads

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23
Q

splachnic hypomere

A

heart, blood vessels, mesenteries that cover organs (dorsal and ventral mesenteries)

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24
Q

ectoderm

A

epidermis, nerves and brain, some other contributions thrugh neural crest

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25
Q

Neural crest formation

A
  • Synapomorphy for craniates
  • form from tissue near neural tube
  • break off
  • migrate along sepcific pathway
  • pluripotent cell - can form many cell types
  • types produced defined by surroinding tissues
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26
Q
A

zebrafish embryo
36 hours post fertilization

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27
Q

Neural crest

A
  • ganglia of spinal and cranial nerves
  • most pigement cells except those of eye and spinal cord
  • most cartilage of lower jaw
  • through evolution, more and more of the skull is of neural crest origin
  • differentiates very early
  • not tied to mesoderm or neural tissue
  • green cells are neural crest
  • disurptions in development can cause cleft palate, heart valve malformations and tumors.
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28
Q

Neuroblastoma - cancer of NC-derived sympathic nerve cells

A
  • most common solid tumor in children
  • 15% of childhood cancer deaths
  • 1,000 new cases/year in US
  • usually near adrenals, but can be anywhere along spine
  • symptoms are vague and non specific
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29
Q

Are vertebrates segmented?

A

yes

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30
Q

which is the sclerotome?

A

D

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31
Q

Haeckel, biogenetic law

A

Ontogoney - Development
Recapitulates - Reviews/Replays
Phylogeny - Evolutionary History

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32
Q

Biogenetic tendency - not law

A
  • Recapitulation ..What’s wrong?
  • We aren’t fish, we look like fish embryos
  • Evo-Devo
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33
Q

Von Baer’s Law

A

Development proceeds from general to specific
- an embryo that can be anything
- preserve early stages
- modify them later in development

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34
Q

Epigenetics

A
  • Proteins affected by manu things through interaction
  • almost all development above the gene
  • due to interaction of proteins
  • no eye gene or hand gene
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35
Q

Homeobox genes

A
  • short (180bp)
  • 60AA homeodomain
  • Highly conserved
  • Approx 235 in humans
  • homeotic genes - HOX genes
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36
Q

HOX genes

A

Proteins with homeodomains acts as TF
Homeodomain attaches to regulatory regions of target genes

these are found in order on chromosomes

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37
Q

Are human eyes and fly eyes homologous?

A

Yes, in that they both use PAX6, but not structurally

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38
Q

Human aniridia

A

no iris

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39
Q

The eye case study

A
  • Complex eyes evolved 50-100 times
  • Pax6 gene controls it (homeobox gene)
  • Conserved - mouse works on fruit fly
  • Eyes not even homologous
  • Controls expression of rhodopsin pigments
  • genes that have been around since bacteria

Heterozygous mutation to pax 6 = Human aniridia

Homozygous = lethal

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40
Q

induction

A
  • stimulatory effect between developing tissues
  • neural tube induces sclerotomes to form vertebrae
  • insures fit
  • remove neural tube, not vertebrae grow in that section
  • opposite not true
  • usually mesoderm induces ecto-or endoderm
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41
Q

Reciprocal induction

A
  • Two or more developing tissues effect one another’s development
  • tissues link better
  • Apical Ectodermal ridge - length og limb
  • mesodermal core - front or back limb
  • switch mesodermal cores
  • limbs reversed
  • no AER, no limbs
  • AER effected by hox genes
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42
Q

snake limbs

A
  • pythons have hind limbs, not forelimbs
  • loss caused by interaction of Hoxc6 and Hoxc8
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43
Q

Limb bud

A
  • time spent in PZ derermines that forms along length
  • Patterning uses Sonic Hedgehog gene
  • Which orders the digits and sets number
  • Active in ZPA
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44
Q

Removal of AER (Apical Ectodermal Ridge) at different stages results in terminal truncation

A

a humerus may have the proximal end normal but the distal portion cut off

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45
Q

What is expressed in this diagram?

A

Mirror image dupilication

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46
Q

Forming hands

A
  • Apply retinoic acid to developing skate fin
  • causes fin to not have single axis
  • like tetrapod limbs
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47
Q
A

B

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48
Q

Heterochrony

A
  • changes in timing of development
  • Peramorphosis
  • Elder form - exaggeration of adult morphologies
  • Paedomorphosis
  • Child form - retention of juvenile morhpology
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49
Q

Heterochrony –> Paedomorphosis

A

Progenesis - early offset
Neoteny - Slow raye
Ppstdisplacement - late onset

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50
Q

Heterochrony –> peramorphosis

A

Hypermorphosis - late offset
acceleration - fast rate
predisplacement - early onset

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51
Q

hypermorphosis

A

mature past adulthood and demonstrate hitherto unseen traits

52
Q

acceleration (peramorphosis)

A

part grows faster than in ancestors

53
Q

predisplacement (peramorphosis)

A

onset of growth earlier

54
Q
A

Hypermorphosis (peramorphosis)

55
Q

Peramorphosis

A

Predisplacement

56
Q

Peramorphosis

A

Acceleration

57
Q

allometry

A

differential growth of structures

  • ex: beak on some birds
  • grows more rapidly than heads
58
Q

isometry

A

parts grow at the same rate

59
Q

hypermorphosis?

A

acromegaly

60
Q

Ex: of acceleration

A

Part grows faster than in ancestors

  • tentacles in bristlenose plecos
  • narwhal tusk
61
Q

what do these fish show an example of?

A

Acceleration

62
Q

What is this an exmaple of?

A

Predisplacement - onset of growth earlier
- bird Meckel’s Cartilage forms earlier than in ancestors

63
Q
A

Progenesis in Paedomorphosis

64
Q
A

Neoteny in Paedomorphosis

65
Q
A

Postdisplacement in paedomorphosis

66
Q

Progenesis ex

A

Early offset, growth halts early (Paedo)
- some fishes
- tree salamanders
- juvenlie hands, unfused skull bones

67
Q

Neoteny ex in paedo

A

part grows slower than in ancestors
- mudpuppies and axotyls
- humans - decreased skull allometry

68
Q

Postdisplacement ex in paedo

A

Onset of growth later than in ancestor
- Mammal Meckels cartilage
- Tympanic
- Malleus
- Articular
- Angular

69
Q

Are chimps neotenic?

A

no

70
Q

Cartilage and bone characters

A
  • unique craniate characteristics
  • provide muscle attachment sites
  • protect nerves, brain, blood vessels
  • protects body (armor)
  • bone produces blood
  • calcium storage for body
71
Q
A

Elastic cartilage

72
Q

Cartilage

A
  • firm, flexible material
  • chondroitin sulfate and collagen
  • cells = chondrocytes
  • cells in lacunae (spaces)
73
Q

Hyaline (Type of cartilage)

A
  • glassy appearance
  • long bones
  • mostly replaced by bone in adult
  • synovial capsules
74
Q
A

Hyaline Cartilage

75
Q
A

Fibrocartilage

76
Q

Fibrocartilage

A
  • Reinforced liberally with collagen
  • invertebral disks, pubic symphysis
  • Relaxin loosense pelvic symphysis before birth
77
Q

in what place do we have elastic cartilage?

A

epiglottis, ear

78
Q

Cartilage structure

A

Pericondrium - outer connective tissue
- with blood vessels

Inner matrix - food diffuses in and waste out.

slow to heal

79
Q

Bone composition

A

Calcium, phosphate and other minerals salts in regular order in matrix.

80
Q

Osteon (Haversion System)

A
  • Canal - haversion canal, blood vessels, lymph and nerves.
  • Calcium phosphate in concentric rings, lamellae (layers near surface)
  • Volkmann’s canals - diagonally between haversion canals, connects blood vessels.
81
Q

osteoblasts

A

produce new bone (osteogenesis), mononulceate

82
Q

osteocyte

A

osteoblast encased in bone

83
Q

osteoclasts

A

remove existing bone, multinucleate

84
Q
A

osteoclast

85
Q
A

Osteoblasts

Osteocyte in Lacuna

86
Q

Cancellous (spongy) bone

A

Looks spongy
In long bone
- increase strength(lie along stress lines)
- Ability to change (alter depending on load)
- many bones start as spongy and become compact

87
Q

compact bone

A
  • thicker, most bones (outside)
  • many bones start out as spongy and become compact
88
Q

Cortical vs. Medullary

A

Cortical - outside (hard bone)
Medullary - inside

89
Q

Endochondral vs. Intramembranous

A

Endochondral - cartilage model
Intramembranous - no cartilaginous precursor

90
Q

Endochondral bone

A
  • long bones, vertebrae, some skull bones
  • diaphysis - shaft
  • epiphysis - tips
  • metaphysis - sometimes recognized as area between the two
91
Q
A

Perichondrial cells adjacent to hypertrophic chondrocytes become osteoblasts, forming bone collar (bc).

92
Q
A

Mesenchymal cells
condense

93
Q
A

Cells of
condensations
become chondrocytes

94
Q
A

Chondrocytes at the center of condensation stop proliferating and become hypertrophic (h, become larger).

95
Q
A

Osteoblasts of primary
spongiosa accompany
vascular invasion, forming
the primary spongiosa
(ps).

96
Q
A

Chondrocytes continue
to proliferate, lengthening
the bone.

97
Q
A

Osteoblasts of primary
spongiosa are precursors
of eventual trabecular
bone; osteoblasts of bone
collar become cortical
bone.

98
Q
A

Epiphysial plate
1. Zone of hyalin cartilage
2. Zone of proliferation
3. Zone of hypertrophy
4. Zone of Ossification

99
Q

Zone of resting

A

hyaline

100
Q

zone of proliferation

A

cartilage cells being produced

101
Q

zone of hypertrophy

A

cartilage elongating

102
Q

zone of ossification

A

new bone forming

103
Q

Endochondral bone development

A
  • When epiphyseal plate reaches epiphysis, growth stops
  • Mammals with secondary center of ossification at epiphysis
  • Birds and mammals with deteminate growth
  • Other craniates with indeterminate
104
Q

Growth of which tissue made you taller?

A

Cartilage, and then this is replaced by one.

105
Q

Intramembranous Bone Development

A

Mesenchyme Compacted into sheets (memnranes)
1. Mesenchyme cells condense, supplied with blood vessels, gel-like ground substance formed.
2. Bone matrix deposited form (deeper red)
3. Bars take up whole of bone
4. Growth by adding layers

106
Q

Intramembranous bone types

A
  • Dermal
  • Sesamois
  • Perichondral and periosteal
107
Q

Dermal intramembranous bone type

A

formed in dermis (most of skull, clavicle)

108
Q

sesamoid - intramembranous bone type

A

because of mechanical stress in tendon (patella, pisiform)

109
Q

perichondral and periosteal intramembranous bone type

A

formed from connective tissue around cartilage and bone (adds thickness to structures).

110
Q

Joints

A

Synovial (diarthrosis) - where bones move

111
Q

synovial capsule

A

fluid filled, connective tissue cap at the end of bone

112
Q

Amphiarthrosis

A

slightly movable, pubic symphysis

113
Q

synarthrosis

A

no movement

114
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A
  • symphasis (at midline) - armphiarthrosis
  • Synchondrosis - synarthrosis (epiphyseal plate)
115
Q

Fibrous joint

A
  • Suture - synarthrosis
  • syndesmosis - amphiarthrosis (radioulnar joint)
  • Gomphosis - teeth in socket, synarthrosis
116
Q

synostosis

A

fused bones (ankylosed), synarthrosis

117
Q

Jaw joint is a

A

synovial - monoaxial

118
Q

Joint between two dentaries

A

Synarthrosis/symphysis

119
Q

Thalidomide

A
  • Used for morning sickness
  • fetal development
  • strange syndrome where the distal features of the limbs developed but limb developed but limb lengthening did not occur.
120
Q

phacomelia and thalidomide

A
  • Decreased limb bud mesenchyme
  • Normally the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) grows and only the distal part is exposed to fibroblast growth factor
  • FGF re-specifies cells to a distal fate (form hand bones)
  • lots of other problem throughout embryo.
  • all of AER is exposed to FGF
  • Therefore all cells re-specified for distal fate
  • Tested on rodents bu tnot for teratogenic effects
  • The reason why the US congress and president Kennedy signed a law requireing testing of drugs before used on pregnant women.
121
Q

US FDA

A
  • Dr. Frances Kelsey
  • Believed the drug lacked proof of safety and prevented its sale in the US
  • she was under strong pressure from the pharmaceutical industry to approve it - rejected 6X.
122
Q

Structure: Bony fusion

A

Type: Synostosis

Functional Category: Synarthrosis

123
Q

Structure: Fibrous joint

A

Type:
- Suture (Synarthrosis)
- Gomphosis (Synarthrosis)
- Syndesmois (Amphiarthrosis)

124
Q

Structure: Cartilaginous joint

A

Type:
- Synchondrosis - Synarthrosisi
- Symphysis - Amphisarthrosis

125
Q

Structure: Synovial Joint

A

Monoxial - Diarthrosis
Biaxial
Triaxial

Comparative Anatomy (9 decks)

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