Lab 2 - Development/Integument/Tooth Flashcards
Down
Filoplume
Rictal Bristles
Semiplume
Contour
Contour: Tail
Ganoid
Culmen on a beak
top edge
Tomia on a beak
cutting edge
Gonys on a beak
bottom edge
Pleurodont
Acrodont
Thecodont: Alligator
Thecodont: Pig
Brachydont/Bunodont
Hypsodont/Selenodont
Where is Incisors?
Little tooth in front
Where is the canine?
Large front tooth
Where is sectorial tooth/carnassial?
Back big tooth
Epiphysis
end of bone
diaphysis
shaft of bone
metaphysis
the gap between the epiphyses and diaphysis. (cartilage)
Vertebrae in mammals are entirely
endochondral
vertebrae in teleosts
mostly intramembranous (part cartilage, but ossifies early)
Shark fin (fin rays)
Types of fin rays
Lepidotrichia
Ceratotrichia
Lepidotrichia
found in bony fishes and ealry tetrapods
lepidotrichia, in the dorsal fins are solid, pointy structures
spines (in fish)
posterior fins as well as most of the other lepidotrichia are softer, branched structures called
Rays
posterior fins as well as most of the other lepidotrichia are softer, branched structures called
Rays
Chondrichthyes has
ceratotrichia, which are made out of keratin and are straight unbranching structures
what type of bone is a patella (kneecap)
sesamoid; they form in tendons or ligaments at points of contact with underlying bones.
outer part of a bone
compact bone
What do most bones start out as being?
trabeculae or lines of bone called Spongy or Cancellous Bone.
keratinized projections on distal phalanges
claws
what do claws consist of
- hard dorsal portion: ungis
- flakier, ventral portion: subungis
flattened structures with little to no subungis
nails
bear the weight of the animal and consists of an ungis surrounding the subungis
present in ungulates
hooves
beak consists of
the bones themselves and the keratin coating or rhamphoteca
antlers
only found in male cervids (deers). They are branched with the number of branches increasing with age.
What are found in bovids (cows and sheeps) and consists of a living bony core and an outer layer of keratin. These are found in both sexes.
Horns
what types of scales are found in chondrichthyes
placoid scale (small teeth on the skin made of enamel and dentin)
have a thick layer of an enamel that was called ganoine because it was originally thought to be different from enamel.
ganoid scale
what is called cosmine to form a cosmoid scale?
dentin
- derived from ganoid scales
- layer of lamellar bone converted by a very thin layer of enamel
Elasmoid scales
types of elasmoid scales
cycloid + ctenoid
what type of scales do primitive fishes have?
cycloid
ctenoid scales are like cycloid scales, but they have
tiny tooth like projections (cteni), along the posterior margin
ganoid scale
scaleless and bony fishes
some fishes don’t have scales.
These include primitive fishes such as hagfishes and lampreys.
epidermal scales
made of keratin from the epidermis without a bony, dermal contribution
Is hair homologous to scales?
No
whiskers of most mammals are thickened hairs called
vibrissae
center of a feather
rachis
calamus
attaches the rachi to the body
main body of the feather
vane
barbs
These are branching from the rachis, the barbs are linked together by barbules
flight feathers
the feather is highly asymmetrical around the rachis
tail feathers
the feathers are generally symmetrical to mildly asymmetrical
contour feathers
most of the feathers that are visible on the outside of the
body (including flight and tail feathers), contour feathers have interlocking
barbules and color distally and are downy basally.
semiplume feather
these feathers are like contour, but without
interlocking barbs on the distal margin.
filoplume feathers
these are modified feathers that are a long shaft with a
plume at the end. Peacock tail feathers are the most extreme example of
filoplumes.
rictal bristles
these are little more than a rachis, often with some downy
material at the base. We do not have examples of these.
down feathers
these fluffy feathers provide insulation to the bird. They are
generally short and with flexible barbs and no interlocking barbules. Because these feathers are generally covered by contour feathers, they are generally white.
alligators have keratin scales like birds do; however, these are on top of bony _
scutes
osteoderms
skin bones
mammals are _
heterodonts
what does heterodont mean?
different and tooth.
incisors
front teeth
hjørne tand (usuasally just one)
canine
the rest of the teeth are
premolar and molars
premolars are present in
deciduous dentition (baby teeth)
molars are present in
permanent detentition (adult teeth)
teeth for slicing and act like scissors
sectorial teeth
carnissials
upper fourth premolar and lower first molar.
alveolar ridge
place where teeth attach
acrodont
fishes, amphibians, tuataras and snakes, the teeth are loosely connected to the jaw and are present in a very shallow divot
(acro - tip or extremity and refers to the fact that the teeth are held right at the edge of alveolar ridge)
pleurodont
most lizards, teeth are supported on the inner wall of the jaw (pleuro - means to the side)
thecodont
teeth are held in deep sockets and have bases of the teeth extended as roots (mammals)
hypsodont
teeth are long
bracydont teeth
short teeth (humans)
bunodont
teeth have rounded cusps
selenodont
teeth have crescent shaped cusps
