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Comparative Anatomy > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q
A

Ardipithecus ramidus

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2
Q

Where do we come from?

A

fossils to 3.8BYA
Approx. 600 MYA multicellular organisms

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3
Q

comparative anatomy definition

A

the study of the evolution of the body systems

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4
Q

first teacher of comp. anatomy

A

Agassiz

Belons book of birds

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5
Q

George cuvier

A

from a small part of an organism, the whole can be deduced

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6
Q

phylogeny

A
  • a statement of relationships
  • evolutionary history
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7
Q

fossils

A
  • allow for better view of evolution
  • molecular clock
  • estimate when common ancestors might have lived
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8
Q

analoge

A

correspondence in function, or position b/w organs of dissimilar evolutionary origin or structure

“same function, different origin”

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9
Q

homology

A

correspondence in evolutionary origin
“same origin, not necessarily same function”

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10
Q

convergence

A

two unrelated organisms evolving the same structure

  • ex: bird wings and bat wings
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11
Q

parallelisms

A

two sister species evolve same structure independetly

  • almost impossible to test
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12
Q

reversals

A

change to less derived state
- development of the collar bone in primates (small or absent in most other mammals)

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13
Q

phylogeny is expressed in a branching diagram

A

phylogenetic tree

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14
Q

branch =

A

lineage

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15
Q

node =

A

hypothetical common ancestor

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16
Q

clostest relative (sister group)

A

go to first node and read all taxa above this point

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17
Q

monophyletic group

A

group consisting of all descendents of the group’s most recent common ancestor

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18
Q

paraphyletic group

A

group consisting of the group’s most recent common ancestor, but not all descendents.

  • bad, doesn’t represent evolution
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19
Q

polyphyletic group

A

group consisting of two or more groups, but not the group’s most recent common ancestor nor all of its descendents.

20
Q

why are monophyletic groups the only good ones in taxonomy?

A
  • non monophyletic groups says nothing about the group’s evolution
  • naming paraphyletic groups is subjective
  • from a proper taxonomy, you can almost recreate the phylogeny
21
Q

apomorphy

A

derived characteristics

22
Q

synapomorphy

A

shared derived characteristics

23
Q

plesiomorphy

A

primitive characteristics

24
Q

symplesiomorphy

A

shared primitive characteristics

25
Q

which one is only useful character for building a tree?

A

synapomorphies

26
Q

Principle of Parsimony

A

Occam’s Razor
- the simplest soution is the best one
- the tree that minimizes the amount of homoplasy is the best
- the fewest steps

27
Q
A
28
Q
A
29
Q
A
30
Q

taphonomy

A

the study of fossilization

31
Q

fossil

A

any identification of past life

32
Q

Examples of fossils

A
  • molds
  • carbonization
  • permineralizations
  • replacement
  • mummification
  • freezing
  • amber
33
Q
A

internal mold

34
Q
A

external mold

35
Q
A

permineralization

36
Q
A

carbonized lamprey

37
Q
A

dinosaur mummy

38
Q
A

frozen baby mammoth

39
Q
A

amber frog and lizard

40
Q
A

amber lizard

41
Q

fossilization “procedure”

A
  • die of natural causes
  • escape scavenging
  • near immediate burial in sediments
  • undisturbed burial
  • survive geological events
  • remain in rock until humans evolve and get grants
  • be at or near the surface precisely when a paleoontologist is nearby
42
Q

stratigraphy

A

relative position in rock layers
- low = older
- not all strata present
- all starte not laid down in same length of time

43
Q

index fossil

A

common fossils of known age

44
Q

Radiometric method

A
  • Complex set of methods using radioactive decay, quantum spin of electrons etc.
  • mass spectrometer - counts atoms in very small samples very accurately.
  • Radioactive decay
  • Longer half-lives can date older samples
45
Q

half life of uranium-235 to lead-207

A

713 million years

46
Q

Zircon

A
  • incorporates uranium into crystalline structure, but excludes lead
  • count number of uranium and lead atoms in sample to get age
  • internal check, uranium-238 decays to lead-207 with half life of 4.5 biollion years
  • good for old stuff
  • in a 3 bya sample, error is about 2 million years
47
Q

half life of potassium-40 to argon-40 is

A
  • 1.3 BYA
  • argon is a gas, driven off by volcanic eruptions
  • potassium degrades to argon gas, count the atoms of argon vs. potassium
  • good for old stuff

Comparative Anatomy (9 decks)

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