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Comparative Anatomy > Module 2 - Taxonomy > Flashcards

Module 2 - Taxonomy Flashcards

1
Q
A

Pharungeal Gill Slits

Lost in living echinoderms, covered in most fish, highly adapted in tetrapods

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2
Q

Notochord (Chordata)

A
  • fibrous, fluid-filled sheath
  • Provides strength for swimming
  • Hydrostatic skeleton - water incompressible
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3
Q

Postnatal tail - Chordata

A

Paddle

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4
Q

Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord (DHNC)

A

Vs. ventral solid nerve cord

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5
Q

Endostyle (thyroid) - Chordata

A

Metabolic control

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6
Q
A

Cephalochordata

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7
Q

myomeres

A

muscle bands

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8
Q

myosepta

A

connective tissue between muscles

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9
Q

Cephalochordata

A
  • amphioxus or lancet
  • myomeres
  • myosepta
  • ^ both shared with vertebrates lost in urochordates
  • largely sessile
  • filter - feeder
  • semitropical
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10
Q
A

Urochordata
Asicidiacea

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11
Q

Urochordata Asicidiacea

A
  • no DHNC, notochord or postnatal tail as adults
  • Ascidian tadpole - larva with all present
  • Metamorphosis - absorb tail, notochord, and DHNC
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12
Q

Ascidian tadpole

A

larva with all present

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13
Q

metaporphosis

A

absorb tail, notochord, and DHNC

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14
Q
A

Early Vertebrates
- Agnatha (w/o jaws) - Paraphyletic
- Probable from something like Haikouella 530MYA
- 3cm long
- Had brain, but no skull
- Haikouchthys - had skull (craniata)

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15
Q
A

Haikouichthys

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16
Q

Craniata

A
  • having bone or cartilage that forms at least a shelf for the brain
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17
Q

cyclostomata

A

Living Jawless craniates
- Myxini
- Pteromyzontiformes

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18
Q
A

Myxini - Hagfishes

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19
Q
A

Petromyzontida - Lampreys

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20
Q
A

condota

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21
Q
A

Pteraspidomorphi - Ostracoderms (bony plated skin)

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22
Q
A

Osteostraci - ostracoderms

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23
Q
A

Gnathostomata

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24
Q

Gnathostomata characteristics

A

Jaws - allowed access ot larger and more varied prey
- evolved from gill arches
paired fins
- allowed greater stability and ability to use water
- better development than in osteostracans

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25
Q

Placodermi

A
  • Antiarchi
  • Arthrodira
  • Petalichtydia
  • Ptyctodontida
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26
Q
A

Antiarchi

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27
Q
A

Petalichtydia

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28
Q
A

Arthrodira

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29
Q
A

Ptyctonotida

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30
Q
A

janusiscus
- has characteristics simiar to both chondrichthyes and osteihthyes
- demonstrates the conditions of osteichthyes are the primitive ones.

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31
Q
A

Lupopsyrus

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32
Q

Lupopsyrus

A
  • recent Ancanthodian fossils revive old hypothesis that they are sharks
  • Have denticles for scales, no other fin rays
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33
Q
A

Acanthodii - Spiny Sharks

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34
Q

Chondrichythes –> eslamobranchii

A
  • Sharks
  • skates and rays
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35
Q
A

Holocephali (Chimaeras)

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36
Q
A

Condrichthyes

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37
Q
A

Condriichthyes - Eslamobranchii
- sharks, skates, Rays

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38
Q
A

Chondrichthyes - Holocephali

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39
Q

Osteichthyes

A
  • Actinopterygii
  • Sarcopterygii
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40
Q
A

Actinopterygii

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41
Q
A

Sarcopterygii

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42
Q

Holostei

A
  • Lepisosteiformes
  • Amifformes
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43
Q

Nepterygii

A

Lepisosteiformes
Amiiformes
Teleostei

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44
Q
A

Actinopterygii
Cladistia - Bichir

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45
Q
A

Actinopterygii
Chondrostei - Sturgeons and Paddlefish

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46
Q
A

Actinopterygii - Neopterygii - Holostei - Lepisosteiformes - Gar

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47
Q
A

Actinopterygii - Neopterygii - Holostei
Amiiformes - Bowfin

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48
Q

Teleostei - Teleosts

A
  • Tuna
  • Clownfish
  • Moray Eel
  • Pleco
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50
Q
51
Q
52
Q
53
Q

Sarcopterygii are..

A

lobed finned fishes and tetrapods
- they do have rays
- muscle and bone of paired fins outside of body wall
- The fishes that developed into tetrapods

54
Q
A

Actinistia/coeleocanths

55
Q
A

Dipnoi/lungfish

56
Q
A

Osteolepimorpha

Panderichthys

57
Q
A

Osteolepimorpha

Eusthenopteron

58
Q
A

Osteolepimorpha

Eusthenopteron

59
Q
A

Osteolepimorphia

Tiktalalik

60
Q
61
Q
A

Sarcopterygii - Actinisitia - Coelacanths

62
Q

Sarcopterygii - Dipnoi

A

Lungfish.

  • Africa, South America and Australia
  • Gondwanaland
63
Q

Pangea Breakup

A

Starts in ealry Triassic

64
Q

Rhipidistians

A
  • All other sarcopterygian fishes
  • Name fallen out of favor because of paraphyly
  • Important ones are the osetoleopimorphs
65
Q
A

Sarcopterygii - Oseolepimorphia
- Osteleopimorphs = our ancestors
- homologous arms bones
- internal choanae (nares)

66
Q

making the transition to land

A
  • hold up body against gravity
  • stronger girdles
  • pelvic girdle attached to vert. column by sacrum
  • pectoral girdle must lose connection with skull - jarring brain otherwise
  • cervical vertebra - neck
67
Q

Prevent twisting

A

Zygapophyses
- resist drying = fish scales and slime good
- Need eyelid

68
Q
A

Eusthenopteron

  • very common fossil, long known
  • verdit = fish
69
Q
A

Panderichthys

Recent fossil, no dorsal fin
verdict = fish

70
Q
A

Tiktaalik

Gills as adult, no dorsal fin, but with wrists and a cervical vertebra

71
Q
A

Aconthostega
- fish
- Gills as adult
- lepidotrichia - fin rays
- Piscivorous teeth
- Aquatic

72
Q
A

Aconthostega
- Tetrapod
- weak sacrum
- digits : 6-8
- cerivcal vertebra
- no connectipon of pectoral girdle to skull

73
Q
A

Fish
- lepidotrichia
- Piscivorous teeth
- aquatic

tetrapod
- as acanthostega except:
- strong zygapophyses
- strong sacrum
- no gills as adult
- verdict: tetrapod

74
Q

Amphibia

A
  • standard definition paraphyletic
  • now just modern amphibians and close fossils
  • rest = stem amphibians or stem amniotes
75
Q
A

Amphibia - Lissamphibia
Salientia (FROGS)

76
Q
A

Sacopterygii, Tetrapoda
Amphibia
Gymnophiona (caecilians)

77
Q
A

Sarcopterygii, Tetrapoda, amphibia
Caudata

78
Q

Amniota

A
  • Amniotic egg: 3 membranes
  • no need for water for reproduction
  • keratinized skin - resist drying
  • groups defined largely on skull types
  • based on number of fenestrae
    1. anapsid - 0
    2. Synapsid/Euryapsid - 1
    3. Diapsid - 2
79
Q
A

Anapsid (early amniotes, turtles)

80
Q
A

Synapsid (mammals, therapsids, pelycosaurs)

81
Q
A

Diapsid (lizard, crocs, dinos, birds)

82
Q
A

Euryapsid (ichytosaurs/plesiosaurs)

83
Q

skull evolution

A

Anapsid
- diapsid –> euryaspsid
- synapsid

84
Q

sauropsida

A

reptilia + some extinct taxa

(all living except maybe turtles, diapsida)

85
Q

Diapsida

A
  • Mostly with diapsid or modified dipasid skull
  • most sauropsida except for a few, obscure, extinct taxa
  • maybe turtles
  • turtles are derived diapsids
86
Q
A

Ichthyosauria

87
Q
A

Lepidosauromorpha: Sauropterygia

88
Q
A

Lepidosauromorpha: Lepidosauria

89
Q
A

Lepidosauromorpha:
Lepidosauria:
Rhynchocephalia

90
Q
A

Lipidosauria: Squamata

91
Q
A

Testudines

92
Q
A

Archosauromorpha: Thecodontida

93
Q
A

Archosauromorpha: Crocodylomorpha

94
Q
A

Archosauromorpha: Pterosauromorpha

95
Q
A

Archosauromorpha: Dinosauria

Ornithischia

96
Q
A

Archosauromorpha: Dinosauria

Saurischia

97
Q
A

Archosauromorpha: Dinosauria: Ornithischia

98
Q
A

Archosauromorpha: Dinosauria: Ornithischia

99
Q
A

Archosauromorpha: Dinosauria: Sauropodomorpha

100
Q
A

Dinosauria: Saurischia: Theropoda

101
Q
A

Sarcopterygii, Tetrapoda, Sauropsida, Dinosauria

Aves - Archaeopteryx

102
Q

Aves characteristics from dinosaur

A
  • teeth
  • long tail
  • free fingers
103
Q

Aves charactersitics from birds

A
  • feathers
  • assemytrical flight feathers
  • wishbone
104
Q
105
Q

Sarcopterygii, Tetrapoda, Amniota, Synapsida,

A
  • Pelycosaurs

Paraphyletic
many with sail
probably thermoregulation

106
Q

Ex of pelycosaurs

A
  • Varanops
  • Casea
  • Dimetrodon
107
Q
108
Q
109
Q
A

Dimetrodon

110
Q

Sarcopterygii, Tetrapoda, Amniota, Synapsida

A

Therapsida
- includes primitive groups such as cynodonts and mammals,
- heterodonts = different teeth
- Probably all warm blooded
- developing parasaggital/curosorial gait

111
Q
A

Sarcopterygii, tetrapoda, synapsida, therapsida - CYNODONTS
- almost mammals
- later ones with mammalian jaw join

112
Q
A

Sarcopterygii, tetrapoda, synapsida, therapsida, mammalia, monotremata

113
Q
A

Sarcopterygii, Tetrapoda, Synapsida
Therapsida, Mammalia, Monotremata

114
Q

theria = beasts

A

2 groups
- metatheria - middle beasts, marsupials
- Eutheria - new beasts, placentals

115
Q
A

Sarcopterygii, Tetrapoda, Synapsida
Therapsida, Mammalia, Theria,
Metatheria - Marsupials

116
Q
A

Sarcopterygii, Tetrapoda, Synapsida
Therapsida, Mammalia, Theria, Eutheria
- Placentals

117
Q

Is mammalia monophyletic?

A

Some think that monotremes are therapsids

  • PMME occurred in the northern hemisphere ancestors of therians and the southern ancestors of monotremes
  • DMME evolved at least three times: monotremes, marsupials, placentals.
118
Q

What taxon?

A

Chondrichthyes

119
Q

Which of these is a a cephalochordate?

120
Q

Which of the following do humans not belong in?
- mammalia
- therapsida
- amniota
- metatheria
- synapsida

A

Metatheria

Comparative Anatomy (9 decks)

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