Module 3 and 4 Flashcards
Protein, scaffolding, creating internal framework of the cell, holds organelles in place and allows cell to change shape
Cytoskeleton
So metabolism and energy utilization. Synthesis of molecules. Communication. Reproduction and inheritance.
Some functions of the cell
Major sight of ATP production in the cell. Enzymes for the chemical reactions that break the bonds within fats and carbohydrates to produce ATP. Energy currency of cell. Cells require a lot of ATP have more of this.
Mitochondria
Passive membrane, transport is called what. Movement is driven by concentration gradient, molecules move from area of high concentration to low concentration.
Diffusion
Special name for diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. Water moves by…… from an area of high water, concentration to an area of low water concentration
Osmosis
Passive membrane transport is called what. Driven by concentration gradient. Does not require ATP. Requires carrier molecule. Glucose movement into most cells.
Facilitated diffusion
Movement of sodium and potassium against their concentration gradient, are directly driven by the chemical energy from ATP
Active transport
Movement of glucose against its concentration gradient is linked to the movements of sodium down its concentration gradient. The sodium gradient is established by active transport, and the use of ATP. The movement of glucose into the cells of small intestine.
Secondary active transport
Curved membrane bound sacks. Collects, modifies and packages proteins in secretory vesicles. Membrane can be incorporated into cell membrane.
Golgi apparatus
What is found within the nucleus of human cells and is loosely coiled as chromatin during normal cells function.
DNA
What does MRNA stand for?
Messenger, RNA
What travels out of the nucleus to direct the formation of protein molecules?
MRNA
DNA is tightly packed into what during cell division
Chromosomes
Formation of mRNA from DNA
Transcription
An mRNA sequence guides the formation of the protein molecule
Translation
Protein based organelle in the cytoplasm, that guides the synthesis of protein molecules from the mRNA sequence
Ribosomes
The information in the mRNA sequence is carried in groups of three nucleotides. This is called.
Codons
What does TRNA stand for?
Transfer RNA
HTRNA has three nucleotides. This is called what
Anticodon
Amino acids are linked to form a polypeptide chain the polypeptide chain is modified to become a protein
Translation
Most of the time a cell is involved in normal metabolic function, during growth and development, or tissue repair, cell division is required
Cell cycle
Development of specialized structures and function within cells
Differentiation
The…… system is a communicating system that is involved in the coordination of almost all body functions. It is designed to receive signals from the internal and external environment. The signals are then interpreted to determine whether to stimulate or inhibit the activity of organs, tissues, and cells throughout the body.
The nervous system
One of the main cell type within the nervous system system
Neurons
The other main cell type in the nervous system. They perform structural support and protective roles by contributing to the blood brain barrier, as well as immune and nutrient provision functions.
Glial cells
Special gal cells form coatings called
Myelin sheath
Gaps between myelin sheets, about every millimetre along axon. Allows for ion movement and faster conduction compared to myelinated axons
Nodes of Ranveer
Generation of action potential in the cell body. Action potential propagation along action. Communication with target cell at synapse.
Stages of communication and a neuron
Electrical signals conducted along the cell membrane
Action potential
Junction where the neuron interacts with another neuron or cell. Conversion of electrical message in action into chemical message sent to next cell.
Synapse
Collection of tracks leading to, and from the brain
Spinal cord
Groups of neuron cell bodies, and dendrites. Cortex or nuclei ganglion.
Gray matter
Bundles of parallel axons, and their myelin sheath
White matter
Involved in body functions, essential for survival
Brainstem
Voluntary motor function, motivation, aggression, and mood
Frontal lobe
Receiving and perceiving sensory information
Parietal lobe
Visual input
Occipital lobe
Smell, hearing, memory
Temporal lobe
Comparative function intended movement compared with sensory feedback. Necessary for smooth coordinated movements, and learning movements. Compares feedback from neurons and joints and muscles. Alcohol inhibits the function of.
Cerebellum
