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Bpk 105 > Bpk Final > Flashcards

Bpk Final Flashcards

1
Q

Is involved in almost all movements within the body

A

Muscle tissue

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2
Q

What are the three kinds of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle

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3
Q

Involved in body movement, maintenance of posture, communication.

A

Skeletal muscle

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4
Q

We can……. The stimulation of skeletal muscle contraction.

A

Voluntarily control

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5
Q

What sends electrical signals?

A

Motor neurons

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6
Q

Electrical signals

A

Action potential

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7
Q

Motor neurons and electrical signals or action potential to a muscle through the

A

Neuromuscular junction

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8
Q

Connection between neurone and muscle

A

Neuromuscular junction

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9
Q

Motor neurons and action potential to a muscle through the neuromuscular junction, and it results in

A

Muscle contraction

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10
Q

……. Are stimulated to utilize the energy in ATP to slide past one another producing force.

A

Specialized proteins

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11
Q

Layers of smooth muscle surround

A

Digestive organs and blood vessels

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12
Q

Smooth and muscle contraction is …..and results in a construction of the organ or vessel wall

A

Involuntary

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13
Q

Selective, relaxation and restriction of blood vessels can modify

A

The flow of blood to different areas of our body based on their needs

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14
Q

We can divert blood to active muscles during exercise, or to the

A

Digestive system after a meal

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15
Q

Cardiac muscle is found only in the

A

Heart

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16
Q

Cardiac muscle contraction pump, blood through the…… and the …..circulatory systems

A

Pulmonary and systemic

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17
Q

Pulmonary

A

Lungs

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18
Q

Systemic

A

Body

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19
Q

Cardiac muscle is

A

Involuntary

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20
Q

Cardiac muscle rate of heart contraction is regulated by

A

Hormones and nervous system

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21
Q

The contractile proteins in cardiac muscle are similar to the skeletal muscle, but the cells are electrically connected by

A

Junctions

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22
Q

Allow the muscles to contract together as a unit for effective pumping

A

Junctions

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23
Q

Contractility, extensibility, excitability, elasticity.

A

The four major functions of skeletal muscle

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24
Q

The protein myofilaments

A

Actin and myosin

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25
Q

The protein myofilaments push past one another, shortening the functional unit of muscle,

A

The sarcomere

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26
Q

….. of sarcomere joined them to end within one muscle cell shorten at the same time.

A

Thousands

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27
Q

Several to thousands of muscle cells contract together to generate force and shorten the entire length of muscle to

A

Move our joints

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28
Q

The cell membrane of muscle is called

A

Sarcolemma

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29
Q

The sarcolemma has a major role in tissue

A

Excitement

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30
Q

T-Tubules

A

Transverse tubules

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31
Q

Invaginations

A

Deep pockets

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32
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum stores, what

A

Stores calcium

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33
Q

When the membrane is stimulated by a motor neuron, what occurs

A

An action potential

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34
Q

The electrical signal moves across the membrane down the….. and stimulates calcium release from the SR, the calcium, then stimulates muscle contraction

A

T tubules

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35
Q

Endomysium

A

Each muscle fibre or cell

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36
Q

Perimysium

A

Bundle of cells

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37
Q

Epimysium

A

Entire muscle

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38
Q

The sarcolemma contains … and … channels

A

Sodium and potassium

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39
Q

Sodium and potassium are both… charged

A

Positively

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40
Q

The movement of sodium and potassium ions and their charge plays an important role in electrical signalling in…. Tissues.

A

Excitable

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41
Q

An absence of stimulus, and excitable tissue is

A

At rest

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42
Q

At rest of excitable tissue, we observe a high concentration of sodium ions are outside of the cell creating a

A

Concentration gradient for sodium to move into the cell

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43
Q

At rest, we observe a high concentration of potassium inside of cell, creating a concentration gradient for potassium to move

A

Out of the cell

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44
Q

Energy is required to maintain this distribution as sodium and potassium through active transport using the

A

Sodium/potassium pump

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45
Q

At rest sodium is prevented from entering the cell by the

A

Cell membrane

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46
Q

To activate muscle, the sodium ion channels are

A

Opened

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47
Q

Sodium influx alters discharge in the cell and triggers changes that result in

A

Muscle contract

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48
Q

Nerve cells that stimulate muscles to contract are

A

Motor neurons

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49
Q

When a motor neuron is stimulated (action potential) all the fibres it innervates contract as a together they are collectively known as a

A

Motor unit

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50
Q

Motor units can have…… of muscle fibers, depending if finger or leg is required

A

Few or hundreds

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51
Q

Multiple connections

A

Synapsis

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52
Q

Synapsis between the motor, neuron and muscle fibre allows for action potential to move between the two cells disconnection is called the

A

Neuromuscular junction

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53
Q

Space between the cells

A

Synaptic cleft

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54
Q

Acetylcholine is a type of

A

Neurotransmitter

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55
Q

….. exposes the binding site for myosin on Actin, allowing them to bind and form a cross bridge

A

Calcium binding

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56
Q

Hydrolysis

A

ATP breakdown

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57
Q

Muscle fibre are classified into… special types based on their structural and functional characteristics

A

Three

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58
Q

Small, have high content of mitochondria and myoglobin, and are fatigue resistant. They also have greater density of capillaries for oxygen delivery.

A

Slow twitch, oxidative, fibre (SO)

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59
Q

Large and powerful, use predominantly, anaerobic, metabolism, and are less fatigue resistant. Store more glycogen and creatine phosphate.

A

Fast twitch glycollic fibres (FG)

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60
Q

Intermediate, fibers, sharing structural, and functional characteristics with the other two fibre types

A

Fast twitch oxidative, glycollic fibres (fog)

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61
Q

Uses oxygen, breaks down glucoses, fatty, acids or proteins, produces ATP, carbon dioxide and water

A

Aerobic ATP synthesis

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62
Q

Does not use oxygen, and only partially breaks down glucose to release a minimal amount of ATP quickly

A

Anaerobic ATP re-synthesis

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63
Q

Extreme high intensity of exercise like sprinting

A

Deplete the stored ATP within muscle

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64
Q

Once food is taken in, it must be… then…. And then…..

A

Ingested, digested, absorbed

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65
Q

Lipids are fat, soluble, or

A

Hydrophobic

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66
Q

Proteins and carbohydrates are

A

Hydrophilic

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67
Q

The G.I. is made up of

A

Stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

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68
Q

The mucosa and submucosal layers line

A

The inside of the G.I. tract

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69
Q

The
Inner mucosal layer interacts with the…. As it moves through the track

A

Food bolus

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70
Q

The submucosal layer contains… that surrounds nerves and blood vessels

A

Connective tissue

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71
Q

The muscularis contains two layers of

A

Smooth muscle

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72
Q

Connective tissue that helps to maintain the shape and structure of the various organs

A

The outer serosa

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73
Q

Deglutition

A

Swallowing

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74
Q

Oropharynx

A

Back of the mouth

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75
Q

Regulation of stomach secretions can be sorted into these three sections

A

Cephalic, gastric, intestinal

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76
Q

Brain phase is stimulated by the thought, smell and taste of food, and prepares the stomach for digestion by initiating release of enzymes and acid to the stomach

A

The cephalic

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77
Q

Initiated by the presence of food in the stomach, and involves a much greater release of acid and enzymes for digestion into the stomach

A

Gastric phase

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78
Q

Stimulated by the entrance of the acidic chime. Signals that the food has been processed well by the stomach, and results in an inhibition of further gastric, secretions and motility.

A

Intestinal phase

79
Q

The lining of the small intestine is folded into

A

Villi

80
Q

Each cell of villi contains further folds called

A

Microvilli

81
Q

Pancreas releases

A

Bicarbonate

82
Q

Bicarbonate acts to … the acidic chime back to a neutral pH

A

Buffer

83
Q

Carbohydrates are broken down from…to …

A

Polysaccharides, disaccharides

84
Q

Carbohydrates broken down by the… enzyme, released from the pancreas

A

Amylase

85
Q

Lipid entry into the small intestine stimulates release of the enzyme… from the pancreas, and… from the liver

A

Lipase and bile salts

86
Q

Bio salts form around the lipid in the chyme coding them, and keeping them separated into small droplets

A

This is called emulsification

87
Q

Lipid is then absorbed into the lacteals of the

A

Lymph system

88
Q

Trypsin,chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase

A

Breakdown the protein into shorter chains of amino acids and polypeptides

89
Q

Amino acids and very short peptides are then absorbed by

A

Cotransport

90
Q

Water and minerals are mostly absorbed in the

A

Small and large intestine

91
Q

Touch, pressure, temperature, pain, and vibration

A

General senses

92
Q

Smell, taste, vision, hearing, and equilibrium

A

Special senses

93
Q

General sense stimuli are sent by a variety of

A

Receptor types in the skin

94
Q

These receptors have modified… each design for the detection of a different general sense

A

Nerve endings

95
Q

Mecano receptors

A

Mechanical stimuli

96
Q

Thermo receptors

A

Temperature

97
Q

Nociceptors

A

Pain

98
Q

Touch, receptors

A

Light pressure, vibration, deep pressure

99
Q

When receptor is stimulated, a signal is sent to the

A

Central nervous system

100
Q

Once food particles are dissolved by mucus or saliva, they can stimulate

A

Chemo receptors in the nose or tongue

101
Q

Photoreceptors at the back of the eye

A

Retina

102
Q

Our retina is specialized for colour

A

Cones

103
Q

Are retina specialized for night

A

Rods

104
Q

True or false when rhodopsin is activated the membrane changes its permeability to sodium ion and membrane potential is altered

A

True

105
Q

Our sense of equilibrium can also be called

A

Sense of balance

106
Q

The… is designed to capture sound waves and send them towards the eardrum

A

External ear

107
Q

Tympanic membrane is also known as the

A

Eardrum

108
Q

Motion is transmitted through the middle ear via the

A

Auditory ossicles

109
Q

The motion of the oval window causes… waves to form in the inner ear

A

Fluid

110
Q

True or false soundwaves are not committed to motion, and then back into waves

A

False they are

111
Q

The fluid wave generated at the oval window, then moves through the coiled structure of the

A

Cochlea

112
Q

Depression of the… creates a chemical signal that eventually result in an electrical signal within the cochlear nerve that surrounds the hair cell

A

Hair cell

113
Q

Based on where along the cochlear duct the fluid waves stimulate the depression of hair cells. We are able to.

A

Detect sound of different pitch

114
Q

Lower pitch sounds travel… along the cochlear duct before they influence the hair

A

Further

115
Q

High-pitched sounds stimulate the depression of hair cells very close to the

A

Oval window

116
Q

Our… then sort out what type of sound we heard, depending on which hair cells are depressed

A

Sensory cortex

117
Q

The… functions to transport and circulate, hormones, dissolved, gases, nutrients, waste products, molecules, and enzymes

A

Blood

118
Q

Plasma makes up about what percent of blood volume

A

55

119
Q

Plasma is what percent water

A

91

120
Q

Globulin is activated for what

A

Blood clotting

121
Q

What major protein is important for transport of materials in blood, the osmatic pressure of blood and the maintenance of blood volume

A

Albumin

122
Q

Red blood cells comprise about what percent blood

A

45

123
Q

What loses their nuclei and development and about 1/3 of their volume is the iron containing protein haemoglobin

A

Red blood cells

124
Q

The heart is a muscle that is responsible for

A

Pumping blood throughout the body

125
Q

What drives blood to flow through blood vessels

A

Blood pressure

126
Q

The heart is… pumps in series

A

Two

127
Q

The right side of the heart pumps blood through the

A

Pulmonary circulation

128
Q

Blood in the pulmonary circulation passes through the lungs, and then return to the… side of the heart

A

Left

129
Q

The left side of the heart pump blood through the

A

Systemic circulation

130
Q

Blood from the systemic circulation returns to what side of the heart

A

Right

131
Q

How many chambers hold blood within the heart

A

Four

132
Q

Atria

A

Upper chambers

133
Q

What collects blood returning to the heart and contract to help fill ventricles

A

The atria

134
Q

Ventricles

A

Lower chambers

135
Q

… between the atria and ventricles, prevent blood from flowing backwards into the atria when ventricles contract

A

Valves

136
Q

… valves prevent blood from flowing back from the arteries into ventricles from the pulmonary and systemic circulation systems

A

Semi lunar

137
Q

… cells contain numerous voltage gated calcium channels that remain open during action potential

A

Cardiac

138
Q

True or false? All of the conductions cells in the heart can produce spontaneous action potentials

A

True

139
Q

… node has the fastest rate and functions as the heart pacemaker, stimulating downstream cells to initiate their action potential

A

Sino atrial (SA)

140
Q

The rate of heart contraction, multiplied by the volume of blood, ejected by the ventricles with each beat is called the

A

Cardiac output

141
Q

At a rest, cardiac output is about…mL for all adults with the average values for heart rate 65 bpm and stroke 80ml per beat

A

5 L

142
Q

What type of arteries stretching maintain the high-pressure and rate of blood flow that is created by ventricular contraction

A

Elastic arteries

143
Q

What type of arteries contracting relax to help the direction of flow of blood to Oregon systems that are active and require more blood flow to deliver their required oxygen, and nutrients to support their activity

A

Muscular arteries

144
Q

…Are very small and incredibly numerous so they can be very close to all cells in the body. They also contain thin walls to support rapid diffusion of dissolved gases, and nutrients between the circulation and ourselves.

A

Capillaries

145
Q

Contain one way of valves that help blood to get back to the heart

A

Veins

146
Q

High blood pressure or hypertension puts increased risk of… disease

A

Heart

147
Q

Sytolic BP

A

Peak pressure occurring after ventricular contraction

148
Q

What phase does systolic bp occurring

A

Systole (contraction)

149
Q

The lowest pressure occurs during what phase and what is it called

A

Occurs during diastole phase and is called diastolic bp

150
Q

The difference between the high and low blood pressure is called

A

Pulse pressure

151
Q

Standard values for SBP and DBP is

A

120 and 80

152
Q

The baroreceptor reflex is an example of

A

Homeostatic regulation of blood pressure

153
Q

Carotid arteries

A

Located in the neck

154
Q

Epinephrine is released from where

A

Adrenal medulla

155
Q

Capillaries are extremely

A

Narrow

156
Q

Functions of the… system include bringing air in and out of the lungs, the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide with the blood at the lungs and tissues, and the transport of these dissolved gases in the circulatory system

A

Respiratory

157
Q

The … also functions to regulate blood, pH, produce our voice, draw airborne particles into our nose to interact with our olfactory receptors, and is part of our innate immune system

A

Respiratory system

158
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

Chest

159
Q

Tidal volume

A

Breathing rate and depth

160
Q

Gas exchange is driven by the process of

A

Diffusion

161
Q

When we inhale the air has a high… concentration, and a low… concentration

A

Oxygen and carbon dioxide

162
Q

The blood pumped to the lungs from the heart has a low… concentration, and a high… concentration

A

Oxygen and carbon dioxide

163
Q

What takes place between the alveoli and the blood in circulation

A

Diffusion

164
Q

Because of… we have equilibration of oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations in the alveoli and the blood that is leaving lungs and returning to heart

A

Diffusion

165
Q

Most of the oxygen is transported in a reversible association with haemoglobin of red blood cells, forming what

A

Oxyhaemoglobin

166
Q

70% of what is transported in the blood in the form of bicarbonate ions

A

Carbon dioxide

167
Q

Carbon dioxide combines with water in reversible reaction in red blood cells that is catalyzed by the enzyme…

A

Carbonic anhydrase

168
Q

At the tissues, aerobic metabolism, produces a lot of

A

Carbon dioxide

169
Q

At the lungs, the carbonic anhydrase goes in the… direction

A

Reverse

170
Q

The carbonic Anhydrase reaction involves the production and removal of

A

Protons

171
Q

Humans breathe rhythmically about … to … times at rest per minute

A

12 to 20

172
Q

Damage to an internal blood vessel, can also result in blood, leaking into other tissues, showing up as a … if enough blood pools near the surface

A

Bruises

173
Q

Blood flow through the vessel is reduced immediately through

A

Constriction

174
Q

Small brakes of blood vessel are sealed through the formation of

A

Platelet plugs

175
Q

Larger bricks in the vessel are repaired by

A

Clot formation

176
Q

Patients who have lost a lot of blood due to injury or surgery require…. To be replaced by a transfusion of blood from a donor individual.

A

Red blood cell

177
Q

Agglutination

A

Clumping

178
Q

Hemolycis

A

Bursting

179
Q

Small specialized lymphatic vessels are called

A

Lacteals

180
Q

Lactose, absorbed lipids from the small intestine and transported to … circulation

A

Venous

181
Q

True or false lymphatic vessels, help maintain fluid balance by taking out fluid from interstitial space into lymphatic capillaries

A

True

182
Q

Lymph fluid is filtered to buy lymph nodes removing

A

Pathogens

183
Q

Lymphocytes

A

White blood cells

184
Q

The ability of our body to resist damage from microorganisms is called

A

Immunity

185
Q

What type of immunity utilizes barriers like skin, chemical enzymes, and saliva and tears to prevent foreign substances from entering the body

A

Innate immunity

186
Q

The ability to remember, and defend against some invaders is called

A

Adaptive immunity

187
Q

Monocytes and neutrophils are involved in

A

Innate immunity

188
Q

Ingest and destroy foreign matter is called

A

Phagocytosis

189
Q

When monocytes leave the blood and enter tissues, they are called

A

Macrophages

190
Q

Basophils, release, histamine, and other chemicals that stimulate the inflammatory response while use eosinophils release chemicals that reduce…

A

Inflammation

191
Q

Lymphocytes comprise of

A

Bee cells, and T cells

192
Q

Cell mediated immunity and antibody mediated immunity are the two types of what

A

Adaptive immunity

193
Q

Cell mediated immunity involves T cells, that mature in the

A

Thymus

194
Q

True or false adaptive immunity can occur passively by using an immune system from outside your body, when it is transferred across the placenta from my mother, to an infant or injected

A

True

Bpk 105 (5 decks)

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