Bpk Final Flashcards
Is involved in almost all movements within the body
Muscle tissue
What are the three kinds of muscle tissue?
Skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle
Involved in body movement, maintenance of posture, communication.
Skeletal muscle
We can……. The stimulation of skeletal muscle contraction.
Voluntarily control
What sends electrical signals?
Motor neurons
Electrical signals
Action potential
Motor neurons and electrical signals or action potential to a muscle through the
Neuromuscular junction
Connection between neurone and muscle
Neuromuscular junction
Motor neurons and action potential to a muscle through the neuromuscular junction, and it results in
Muscle contraction
……. Are stimulated to utilize the energy in ATP to slide past one another producing force.
Specialized proteins
Layers of smooth muscle surround
Digestive organs and blood vessels
Smooth and muscle contraction is …..and results in a construction of the organ or vessel wall
Involuntary
Selective, relaxation and restriction of blood vessels can modify
The flow of blood to different areas of our body based on their needs
We can divert blood to active muscles during exercise, or to the
Digestive system after a meal
Cardiac muscle is found only in the
Heart
Cardiac muscle contraction pump, blood through the…… and the …..circulatory systems
Pulmonary and systemic
Pulmonary
Lungs
Systemic
Body
Cardiac muscle is
Involuntary
Cardiac muscle rate of heart contraction is regulated by
Hormones and nervous system
The contractile proteins in cardiac muscle are similar to the skeletal muscle, but the cells are electrically connected by
Junctions
Allow the muscles to contract together as a unit for effective pumping
Junctions
Contractility, extensibility, excitability, elasticity.
The four major functions of skeletal muscle
The protein myofilaments
Actin and myosin
The protein myofilaments push past one another, shortening the functional unit of muscle,
The sarcomere
….. of sarcomere joined them to end within one muscle cell shorten at the same time.
Thousands
Several to thousands of muscle cells contract together to generate force and shorten the entire length of muscle to
Move our joints
The cell membrane of muscle is called
Sarcolemma
The sarcolemma has a major role in tissue
Excitement
T-Tubules
Transverse tubules
Invaginations
Deep pockets
Sarcoplasmic reticulum stores, what
Stores calcium
When the membrane is stimulated by a motor neuron, what occurs
An action potential
The electrical signal moves across the membrane down the….. and stimulates calcium release from the SR, the calcium, then stimulates muscle contraction
T tubules
Endomysium
Each muscle fibre or cell
Perimysium
Bundle of cells
Epimysium
Entire muscle
The sarcolemma contains … and … channels
Sodium and potassium
Sodium and potassium are both… charged
Positively
The movement of sodium and potassium ions and their charge plays an important role in electrical signalling in…. Tissues.
Excitable
An absence of stimulus, and excitable tissue is
At rest
At rest of excitable tissue, we observe a high concentration of sodium ions are outside of the cell creating a
Concentration gradient for sodium to move into the cell
At rest, we observe a high concentration of potassium inside of cell, creating a concentration gradient for potassium to move
Out of the cell
Energy is required to maintain this distribution as sodium and potassium through active transport using the
Sodium/potassium pump
At rest sodium is prevented from entering the cell by the
Cell membrane
To activate muscle, the sodium ion channels are
Opened
Sodium influx alters discharge in the cell and triggers changes that result in
Muscle contract
Nerve cells that stimulate muscles to contract are
Motor neurons
When a motor neuron is stimulated (action potential) all the fibres it innervates contract as a together they are collectively known as a
Motor unit
Motor units can have…… of muscle fibers, depending if finger or leg is required
Few or hundreds
Multiple connections
Synapsis
Synapsis between the motor, neuron and muscle fibre allows for action potential to move between the two cells disconnection is called the
Neuromuscular junction
Space between the cells
Synaptic cleft
Acetylcholine is a type of
Neurotransmitter
….. exposes the binding site for myosin on Actin, allowing them to bind and form a cross bridge
Calcium binding
Hydrolysis
ATP breakdown
Muscle fibre are classified into… special types based on their structural and functional characteristics
Three
Small, have high content of mitochondria and myoglobin, and are fatigue resistant. They also have greater density of capillaries for oxygen delivery.
Slow twitch, oxidative, fibre (SO)
Large and powerful, use predominantly, anaerobic, metabolism, and are less fatigue resistant. Store more glycogen and creatine phosphate.
Fast twitch glycollic fibres (FG)
Intermediate, fibers, sharing structural, and functional characteristics with the other two fibre types
Fast twitch oxidative, glycollic fibres (fog)
Uses oxygen, breaks down glucoses, fatty, acids or proteins, produces ATP, carbon dioxide and water
Aerobic ATP synthesis
Does not use oxygen, and only partially breaks down glucose to release a minimal amount of ATP quickly
Anaerobic ATP re-synthesis
Extreme high intensity of exercise like sprinting
Deplete the stored ATP within muscle
Once food is taken in, it must be… then…. And then…..
Ingested, digested, absorbed
Lipids are fat, soluble, or
Hydrophobic
Proteins and carbohydrates are
Hydrophilic
The G.I. is made up of
Stomach, small intestine, and large intestine
The mucosa and submucosal layers line
The inside of the G.I. tract
The
Inner mucosal layer interacts with the…. As it moves through the track
Food bolus
The submucosal layer contains… that surrounds nerves and blood vessels
Connective tissue
The muscularis contains two layers of
Smooth muscle
Connective tissue that helps to maintain the shape and structure of the various organs
The outer serosa
Deglutition
Swallowing
Oropharynx
Back of the mouth
Regulation of stomach secretions can be sorted into these three sections
Cephalic, gastric, intestinal
Brain phase is stimulated by the thought, smell and taste of food, and prepares the stomach for digestion by initiating release of enzymes and acid to the stomach
The cephalic
Initiated by the presence of food in the stomach, and involves a much greater release of acid and enzymes for digestion into the stomach
Gastric phase
Stimulated by the entrance of the acidic chime. Signals that the food has been processed well by the stomach, and results in an inhibition of further gastric, secretions and motility.
Intestinal phase
The lining of the small intestine is folded into
Villi
Each cell of villi contains further folds called
Microvilli
Pancreas releases
Bicarbonate
Bicarbonate acts to … the acidic chime back to a neutral pH
Buffer
Carbohydrates are broken down from…to …
Polysaccharides, disaccharides
Carbohydrates broken down by the… enzyme, released from the pancreas
Amylase
Lipid entry into the small intestine stimulates release of the enzyme… from the pancreas, and… from the liver
Lipase and bile salts
Bio salts form around the lipid in the chyme coding them, and keeping them separated into small droplets
This is called emulsification
Lipid is then absorbed into the lacteals of the
Lymph system
Trypsin,chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase
Breakdown the protein into shorter chains of amino acids and polypeptides
Amino acids and very short peptides are then absorbed by
Cotransport
Water and minerals are mostly absorbed in the
Small and large intestine
Touch, pressure, temperature, pain, and vibration
General senses
Smell, taste, vision, hearing, and equilibrium
Special senses
General sense stimuli are sent by a variety of
Receptor types in the skin
These receptors have modified… each design for the detection of a different general sense
Nerve endings
Mecano receptors
Mechanical stimuli
Thermo receptors
Temperature
Nociceptors
Pain
Touch, receptors
Light pressure, vibration, deep pressure
When receptor is stimulated, a signal is sent to the
Central nervous system
Once food particles are dissolved by mucus or saliva, they can stimulate
Chemo receptors in the nose or tongue
Photoreceptors at the back of the eye
Retina
Our retina is specialized for colour
Cones
Are retina specialized for night
Rods
True or false when rhodopsin is activated the membrane changes its permeability to sodium ion and membrane potential is altered
True
Our sense of equilibrium can also be called
Sense of balance
The… is designed to capture sound waves and send them towards the eardrum
External ear
Tympanic membrane is also known as the
Eardrum
Motion is transmitted through the middle ear via the
Auditory ossicles
The motion of the oval window causes… waves to form in the inner ear
Fluid
True or false soundwaves are not committed to motion, and then back into waves
False they are
The fluid wave generated at the oval window, then moves through the coiled structure of the
Cochlea
Depression of the… creates a chemical signal that eventually result in an electrical signal within the cochlear nerve that surrounds the hair cell
Hair cell
Based on where along the cochlear duct the fluid waves stimulate the depression of hair cells. We are able to.
Detect sound of different pitch
Lower pitch sounds travel… along the cochlear duct before they influence the hair
Further
High-pitched sounds stimulate the depression of hair cells very close to the
Oval window
Our… then sort out what type of sound we heard, depending on which hair cells are depressed
Sensory cortex
The… functions to transport and circulate, hormones, dissolved, gases, nutrients, waste products, molecules, and enzymes
Blood
Plasma makes up about what percent of blood volume
55
Plasma is what percent water
91
Globulin is activated for what
Blood clotting
What major protein is important for transport of materials in blood, the osmatic pressure of blood and the maintenance of blood volume
Albumin
Red blood cells comprise about what percent blood
45
What loses their nuclei and development and about 1/3 of their volume is the iron containing protein haemoglobin
Red blood cells
The heart is a muscle that is responsible for
Pumping blood throughout the body
What drives blood to flow through blood vessels
Blood pressure
The heart is… pumps in series
Two
The right side of the heart pumps blood through the
Pulmonary circulation
Blood in the pulmonary circulation passes through the lungs, and then return to the… side of the heart
Left
The left side of the heart pump blood through the
Systemic circulation
Blood from the systemic circulation returns to what side of the heart
Right
How many chambers hold blood within the heart
Four
Atria
Upper chambers
What collects blood returning to the heart and contract to help fill ventricles
The atria
Ventricles
Lower chambers
… between the atria and ventricles, prevent blood from flowing backwards into the atria when ventricles contract
Valves
… valves prevent blood from flowing back from the arteries into ventricles from the pulmonary and systemic circulation systems
Semi lunar
… cells contain numerous voltage gated calcium channels that remain open during action potential
Cardiac
True or false? All of the conductions cells in the heart can produce spontaneous action potentials
True
… node has the fastest rate and functions as the heart pacemaker, stimulating downstream cells to initiate their action potential
Sino atrial (SA)
The rate of heart contraction, multiplied by the volume of blood, ejected by the ventricles with each beat is called the
Cardiac output
At a rest, cardiac output is about…mL for all adults with the average values for heart rate 65 bpm and stroke 80ml per beat
5 L
What type of arteries stretching maintain the high-pressure and rate of blood flow that is created by ventricular contraction
Elastic arteries
What type of arteries contracting relax to help the direction of flow of blood to Oregon systems that are active and require more blood flow to deliver their required oxygen, and nutrients to support their activity
Muscular arteries
…Are very small and incredibly numerous so they can be very close to all cells in the body. They also contain thin walls to support rapid diffusion of dissolved gases, and nutrients between the circulation and ourselves.
Capillaries
Contain one way of valves that help blood to get back to the heart
Veins
High blood pressure or hypertension puts increased risk of… disease
Heart
Sytolic BP
Peak pressure occurring after ventricular contraction
What phase does systolic bp occurring
Systole (contraction)
The lowest pressure occurs during what phase and what is it called
Occurs during diastole phase and is called diastolic bp
The difference between the high and low blood pressure is called
Pulse pressure
Standard values for SBP and DBP is
120 and 80
The baroreceptor reflex is an example of
Homeostatic regulation of blood pressure
Carotid arteries
Located in the neck
Epinephrine is released from where
Adrenal medulla
Capillaries are extremely
Narrow
Functions of the… system include bringing air in and out of the lungs, the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide with the blood at the lungs and tissues, and the transport of these dissolved gases in the circulatory system
Respiratory
The … also functions to regulate blood, pH, produce our voice, draw airborne particles into our nose to interact with our olfactory receptors, and is part of our innate immune system
Respiratory system
Thoracic cavity
Chest
Tidal volume
Breathing rate and depth
Gas exchange is driven by the process of
Diffusion
When we inhale the air has a high… concentration, and a low… concentration
Oxygen and carbon dioxide
The blood pumped to the lungs from the heart has a low… concentration, and a high… concentration
Oxygen and carbon dioxide
What takes place between the alveoli and the blood in circulation
Diffusion
Because of… we have equilibration of oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations in the alveoli and the blood that is leaving lungs and returning to heart
Diffusion
Most of the oxygen is transported in a reversible association with haemoglobin of red blood cells, forming what
Oxyhaemoglobin
70% of what is transported in the blood in the form of bicarbonate ions
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide combines with water in reversible reaction in red blood cells that is catalyzed by the enzyme…
Carbonic anhydrase
At the tissues, aerobic metabolism, produces a lot of
Carbon dioxide
At the lungs, the carbonic anhydrase goes in the… direction
Reverse
The carbonic Anhydrase reaction involves the production and removal of
Protons
Humans breathe rhythmically about … to … times at rest per minute
12 to 20
Damage to an internal blood vessel, can also result in blood, leaking into other tissues, showing up as a … if enough blood pools near the surface
Bruises
Blood flow through the vessel is reduced immediately through
Constriction
Small brakes of blood vessel are sealed through the formation of
Platelet plugs
Larger bricks in the vessel are repaired by
Clot formation
Patients who have lost a lot of blood due to injury or surgery require…. To be replaced by a transfusion of blood from a donor individual.
Red blood cell
Agglutination
Clumping
Hemolycis
Bursting
Small specialized lymphatic vessels are called
Lacteals
Lactose, absorbed lipids from the small intestine and transported to … circulation
Venous
True or false lymphatic vessels, help maintain fluid balance by taking out fluid from interstitial space into lymphatic capillaries
True
Lymph fluid is filtered to buy lymph nodes removing
Pathogens
Lymphocytes
White blood cells
The ability of our body to resist damage from microorganisms is called
Immunity
What type of immunity utilizes barriers like skin, chemical enzymes, and saliva and tears to prevent foreign substances from entering the body
Innate immunity
The ability to remember, and defend against some invaders is called
Adaptive immunity
Monocytes and neutrophils are involved in
Innate immunity
Ingest and destroy foreign matter is called
Phagocytosis
When monocytes leave the blood and enter tissues, they are called
Macrophages
Basophils, release, histamine, and other chemicals that stimulate the inflammatory response while use eosinophils release chemicals that reduce…
Inflammation
Lymphocytes comprise of
Bee cells, and T cells
Cell mediated immunity and antibody mediated immunity are the two types of what
Adaptive immunity
Cell mediated immunity involves T cells, that mature in the
Thymus
True or false adaptive immunity can occur passively by using an immune system from outside your body, when it is transferred across the placenta from my mother, to an infant or injected
True
