Mid Term Terminology Flashcards
A scientific discipline that investigates the structure of the body
Anatomy
A scientific discipline that deals with the processes or functions of living things
Physiology
Basic unit of all the plants and animals
Cell
A collection of cells with similar structure and function, and the substances between the cells
Tissue
The group of organs classified as a unit because of common function, or set of functions
Organ system
Any living thing
Organism
Some of the chemical changes that occur in tissues, consisting of the breakdown of molecules to produce energy and the buildup of molecules which require energy
Metabolism
The ability of an organism to sense a change in the external or internal environment, and adjust to those changes
Responsiveness
The acquisition of specialized structures and functions different from the original structure and function
Differentiation
Existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body with respect to functions and the composition of fluids and tissues. The process by which we maintain stable internal environment.
Homeostasis
A normal range around which homeostatic variables are maintained
Setpoint
The processor regulates, most homeostatic variables, working to reduce the deviation from the setpoint
Negative feedback
The smallest particle into which an element can be divided using chemical methods. Composed of neurons, protons, and electrons.
Atom
Association between two atoms formed when the outmost electrons are transferred or shared between atoms
Chemical bond
Chemical bond resulting from the attraction between ions of opposite charge
Ionic bond
A chemical bond forms were two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons
Covalent bond
Two or more atoms, chemically combined to form the structure that behaves as an independent unit
Molecule
Separation of positive and negative ions when they dissolve in water and are surrounded by water molecules
Dissociation
Positive and negative ions that conduct, electricity and solution
Electrolyte
Processed by which atoms or molecules interact to form or brief chemical bonds
Chemical reaction
The energy currency of the cell
ATP
Substance taking part in a chemical reaction
Reactants
A substance produced in a chemical reaction
Products
State created by a chemical reaction proceeding in opposite directions at equal speed
Equilibrium
Any substance that is a proton donor or any substance that releases hydrogen ions
Acid
A chemical that resists changes in pH, when either an acid, or a base is added to a solution containing the buffer
Buffers
Protein molecules that increase the rate of a chemical reaction without being permanently, altered. And organic catalyst.
Enzyme
An organic molecule made up of one or more monosaccharides, chemically bound together sugars, and starches
Carbohydrates
Substance, composed principle of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. Generally soluble and nonpolar solvent. Fats and cholesterol.
Lipid
Large molecule, consisting of long sequences of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
Proteins
Major, consisting of many nucleotides chemically bound together. Dioxide ribbon, nucleic acid and ribbon nucleic acid.
Nucleic acid
Specialized part of a cell performing one or more specific functions
Organelles
Inside a cell
Intracellular
Outside a cell
Extracellular
Passive membrane transport. Movement is driven by the concentration gradient.
Diffusion
Special name for diffusion of water across the selectively permeable membrane. Water moves by osmosis from an area of high concentration to an area of low water concentration
Osmosis
Dissolve substance in a solution
Solute
Liquid that holds another substance and solution
Solvent
When a red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, water enters the cell by osmosis, causing the cell to swell, or even burst
Hypotonic
When a red blood cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, water moves biosis out of the cell, and into the solution resulting and creation
Hypertonic
Passive membrane transport. Driven by a concentration gradient. Does not require ATP. Requires carrier molecules. Glucose movement into most cells.
Facilitated diffusion
Movement of sodium and potassium against their concentration gradient, is directly driven by the chemical energy from ATP
Active transport
Movement of glucose against its concentration gradient is linked to the movement of sodium down its concentration gradient. The sodium gradient is established by active transport, and the use of ATP. The movement of glucose into cells of the small intestine.
Secondary active transport
The formation of a vesicle and engulfing different contents to transport into the cell
Endocytosis
Formations of vesicle, and the excretion of the contents of the surface
Exocytosis
Formation of messenger, RNA from DNA
Transcription
An mRNA sequence guides, the formation of a protein molecule
Translation
Where are the information in the mRNA sequences carried. Groups of three nucleotides
Codon
Development of specialized structures and function within cells. Selective activation and inactivation of segments of DNA. Many cell types were specific structures are required to contribute all the unique functions essential for our survival.
Differentiation
Brain and spinal cord
Central nervous system
Part of the neurosystem, not surrounded by the skull or vertebral column. Consist of nerves and ganglia.
Peripheral nervous system
One of the main cell types within the nervous system. Includes input, processing, and output.
Neuron
Main process of a neuron. Usually conducts action potentials away from the neuron cell body.
Axon
Short, Trilex cell processes of a neuron. Receives stimuli.
Dendrite
Cellular and matrix barrier made up primarily of blood vessel, endothelium, with some help from the surrounding astrocytes. It allows some usually small substances to pass from the circulation into the brain, but does not allow other substances to pass.
Blood brain barrier
Charge difference across the membrane of a resting cell
Resting membrane potential
Value value of the membrane, potential at which an action potential is produced as a result of depolarization in response to a stimulus
Threshold
To increase polarization of membranes of nerve or muscle cells
Hyperpolarized
Automatic response to a stimulus. Does not require conscious thought.
Reflex
Portion of the brain, consisting of the midbrain, ponds, and medulla oblongata
Brainstem
Loose network of neurons cell bodies scattered throughout the brainstem. Involved in regulation of cycles, such as sleep week cycle.
Reticular formation
Part of the brain, attached to the brainstem, important in maintaining muscle tone, balance, and coordination of movements
Cerebellum
Important autonomically and endocrine control centre in the brain located beneath the thalamus
Hypothalamus
Largest part of the brain, consisting of two hemispheres, and including the cortex, nerve tracks, and basal nuclei
Cerebrum
Subdivision of the automatic nervous system with preganglionic nerve bodies, located in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord. Generally involved in preparing the body for immediate physical activity.
Sympathetic
Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system with pre-ganglionic neurons in the brainstem and sacral part of the spinal cord. Involved in involuntary functions, such as digestion, defecation, and urination
Parasympathetic
A ductless gland, that secretes internally, usually into a circulatory system
Endocrine glands
Protein molecule on the cell surface, or within the cytoplasm that binds to a specific factory, such as a drug, a hormone, an antigen, or neurotransmitter. One of the sensory nerve endings in the skin, deep tissues, Viscara, and special sensor organs.
Receptor
Motherfucker
Receptor
Ire, receptor molecule, such as hormone receptor, that is bound to the plasma membrane of the target cell
Membrane bound, receptor
Point where the inner and outer membranes of the nuclear envelope come together to form a hole
Nuclear
Important anatomical and endocrine control centre in the brain located beneath the fence
Hypothalamus
System of vessels, in which blood, after passing through one capillary bed, is conveyed through a second capillary network
Portal system
Hormone secreted from the posterior pituitary gland that acts on the kidney to reduce urine output. Also called vasopressin.
Antidiuretic hormone
Hormone, released from the cells of the thyroid gland, the axon tissues, especially bone, to cause decrease in blood levels of calcium ions
Calcitonin
Hormone produced by the parathyroid gland. Increases bone breakdown and blood calcium levels.
Parathyroid hormone
The inner part of the adrenal gland, which secretes mainly epinephrine but also small amounts of Norpinepurine
Adrenal medulla
Hormone similar instruction to the norepinephrine major hormone released from the adrenal medulla. Increases cardiac output, and the blood glucose levels.
Epinephrine
The outer part of the adrenal gland, which secretes the following steroid hormones. Glucose, Tord, mini cortisol. What the fuck
Adrenal cortex
Steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex, facilitates potassium exchange for sodium in the distal, con, convoluted, tubule and collecting duct, causing sodium ion, reabsorption, and potassium and hydrogen ion secretion
Aldosterone
The longed gland, extending from the duodenum to the spleen. Consist of a head, body, and a tail. There is no exocrine portion, which creates digestive enzymes, which are carried by the pancreatic duct to the duodenum, and pancreatic eyelids, which secrete insulin, and Glucagon
Pancreas
Protein hormone, secreted from the pancreas, that increases the uptake of glucose and amino acids by most tissue
Insulin
Hormone secreted from the pancreatic islets of the pancreas that acts primarily on the liver to release glucose into the circulatory system
Glucagon
Outer part of an organ, such as the brain, kidney and adrenal gland, or hair
Cortex
Centre center, or core, of an organ, such as the adrenal gland, kidney, or hair
Medulla
Small artery in the renal cortex, that supplies blood to the glamorous
Afferent arteriole
Vessel that carries blood from the glomus to the partibular capillaries
Efferent arteriol
Mass of capillary loops at the beginning of each nephron, nearly surrounded by Bowman capsule
Glomerulus
Convoluted portion of the nephron that extends from Bowmans capsule to the descending limb of the loop of Henle
Proximal tubule
Convoluted tubule of the nephron that extends from the ascending limb of the loop of Henley, and ends in a collecting duct
Distal tube
Enzyme, secreted by the kidney that convert the plasma, protein, angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1
Renin
Hi, that created from the posterior pituitary gland that acts on the kidney to reduce urine output. Also called vasopressin.
Antidiuretic hormone
A potent, Vaso constrictor, and it stimulates the secretion of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex
Angiotensin two
Protein found in the blood that gives rise to angiotensin one after Renon, and enzyme, secreted from the kidney, axe on it
Angiotensinogen
Hormone released from cells in the atrial wall of the heart when style blood pressure is increased. Lowers blood pressure by increasing the rate of urine production.
Atrial natriuretic hormone
A condition characterized by a lower, the normal blood pH
Acidosis
Air condition characterized by a higher than normal blood peach
Alkalosis
