Module 3-5- Mycobacterium, Anaerobes, and Mycoplasma Flashcards
Characteristics of Mycobacterium
Gram positive rods, facultative intracellular, acid fast positive, no outer membrane (thin peptidoglycan)
Mycobacterium that are in Tuberculosis group
M. tuberculosis, M. bovis
Mycobacterium that are not Tuberculosis group
M. avium complex
Main cause of tuberculosis in humans
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Signs of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection
granulomas with caseous necrosis and mineralization followed by liquification and cavity formation
Dx of Micobacterium tuberculosis
Mantoux test (under skin), Rads, acid fast, culture, PCR
Tx of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
combination therapy for six months
Prevention of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Human vax
Dx of Mycobacterium bovis
necropsy, test herd (PPD tuberculin test), acid fast, PCR
Transmission of Mycobacterium bovis
ingestion and sometimes inhalation
Carriers of Mycobacterium bovis
badgers, deer, opossums
Tx of mycobacterium bovis
only for humans and pets- combination antimicrobial therapy
Mycobacterium bovis control
Vaccine not used in US herds, wildlife control, cull
Disease caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis
Johne’s disease
Transmission of Johne’s disease
ingestion, localizes in lymphnodes, granulomatous enteritis, wasting
Symptoms of Johne’s Disease
Diarrhea, wasting, edema, granulomatous enteritis
Dx of Johne’s disease
test herd with ELISA, confirm with cultures/PCR
Prevention of Johne’s disease
no treatment, cull, detection, pasture rotation, no vax
DIsease caused by Mycobacterium avium intracellular complex (MAC)
Avian tuberculosis
Signs of avian tuberculosis
opportunistic granulomatous infections in humans, animals, and birds
Disease caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans
Buruli ulcer
Disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae
Leprosy or Hansen’s disease
Disease caused byMycobacterium lepraemurium
feline and murine leprosy
Dx of Mycobacterium
Stain (baccili will look like ghosts), biopsy
Mycobacterium treatment
Combination therapy, surgical excision
What abx will not treat anaerobes?
aminoglycocides
Characteristics of Clostridium
Gram positive anaerobe, rapid multiplication, powerful exotoxins
Predisposing factor for Clostridium infection
Necrosis
Types of Neurotoxic Clostridium
C. botulinum
C. tetani
C. perfringens
Types of Histotoxic Clostridium
C. chauvoei
C. septicum
C. novyi
C. perfringens
Types of enterotoxic Clostridium
C. perfringens
C. difficile
Neutotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani
Tetanospasmin
Species most susceptible to tetanus
Horses
Clostridium tetani pathogenesis
Infects wound, toxin released at wound, toxin travels through nerves, prevents release of neurotransmitters
Dx of Clostridium tetani
Culture is not helpful, clinical hx, tennis-racket shaped spores
Tx of Clostridium tetani
Antitoxin, Antimicrobials, tx of wounds, supportive care
Control of CLostridium tetani
Vax
Clostridium botulinum transmission
Ingestion of toxins in contaminated food
Mechanism of Clostridium botulinum
inhibits Ach and causes flaccid paralysis
Dx of Clostridium botulinum
Not practical, can find toxin in serum of stomach, Mouse bioassay
Clostridium botulinum treatment
AntitoxinSupportive care
COntrol of Clostridium botulinum
NO vax routinely, avoid soiled foods
Disease caused by Clostridium chauvoei
Black leg
Transmission of Clostridium chauvoei
Endospores iingested, land in muscle, activated by trauma
Disease caused by Clostridium septicum
Gas gangrene, Braxy (sheep), Necrotic dermatitis (chicken
Dx of Histotoxic Clostridium
Direct gram stain(spore-forming rods), direct fluorescence
Tx of Histotoxic Clostridium
Usually do not treat, can give penecillin if caught early
Disease caused by Clostridium perfringens
Enterotoxemia, necrotizing enteritis, pulpy kidney, overeating disease
Diagnosis of CLostridium perfringens
gram stain, anaerobic culture, toxin detection
Treatment of CLostridium perfringens
May or may not work, hyperimmune serum, antimicrobial therapy
COntrol of Clostridium perfringens
Vax
Disease caused by Clostridium difficile
Entercolitis
Dx of Clostridium difficile
Culture
Toxin detection
What causes Clostridium spiroforme
Dysbiosis in rabbits from antibiotics, lincomycin, or clindamycin
What disease is caused by Clostridium piliforme
Tyzzer’s Disease
Signs of Clostridium piliformes
focal liver necrosis, fatal diarrhea
What is the only intracellular Clostridium
C. piliformes
Characteristics of Fusobacterium necrophorum
Gram negative non-spore forming anaerobe
Disease caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum
Liver abscesses and foot rot in cattle and sheep
Characterisitics of Mycoplasma
Pleomorphic, smallest, no cell wall, inhabits mucous membranes, colonize cilliated epithelium
What disease does Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae cause
Enzootic pneumonia in swine
What disease does Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides cause
Contageous bovine pleuropneumonia
Signs of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides
Reportable
respiratory distress, coughing, nasal discharge, marbled appearance, edematous interlobular septa and fibrinopurulent exudate
Disease caused by Mycoplasma bovis
Upper respiratory tract disease, mastitis, arthritis
Disease caused by Mycoplasma caprcolum subsp. capripneumoniae
COntageous caprine pleuropneumonia
Reportable
Disease caused by Mycoplasma agalactiae
COntagious agalactia of sheep and goats
Reportable Mycoplasmas in poultry
M. gallisepticum and M. synoviae
Disease caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum
Chronic repiratory disease
Disease caused by Mycoplasma synoviae
synovitis and lameness
What disease does Mycoplasma felis cause in horses
pleuritis
Dx of Mycoplasma
culture in serum-rich media, microscopic colonies, fried-egg shape, PCR
Tx of Mycoplasma
Antimicrobials *tetracyclines, lincosamindes, fluoroquinolones
Control of mycoplasma
Vax when available
Disease caused by Hemotropic mycoplasma
feline infectious anemia
Disease caused by mycoplasma hemosuis
porcine infectious anemia
Disease caused by mycoplasma hemosuis
porcine infectious anemia
Disease caused by mycoplasma hemosuis
porcine infectious anemia
Dx of Mycoplasma hemosuis
Splenomegally, Coombs test, blood smear, PCR
Dx of Hemotropic Mycoplasma
Splenomegally, Coombs test, blood smear, PCR
Tx of Hemotropic mycoplasma
antimicrobials (doxycycline, fluoroquinolones), blood transfusion