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Bacteriology > Module 1- Course Introduction > Flashcards

Module 1- Course Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Colonization

A

the presence of bacteria on a body surface without causing disease

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2
Q

Infection

A

The invasion of a host organism’s tissues by disease causing organisms

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3
Q

Etiology

A

Cause of infection

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4
Q

Pathogen

A

Microbe that causes disease

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5
Q

Pathogenesis

A

Mechanisms by which a pathogen causes disease

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6
Q

Virulence

A

Degree of pathogenicity

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7
Q

Transmission

A

Spread of infection from a host to another host

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8
Q

Obligate pathogen

A

Very virulent, a small number is capable of causing disease

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9
Q

Primary pathogen

A

Moderately virulent, can cause disease when present in moderate numbers

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10
Q

Opportunistic pathogen

A

Can cause disease in large numbers when in conjunction with predisposing factors

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11
Q

Gram negative stain

A

Thin peptidoglycan, outer membrane, pink, Lipid A endotoxin

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12
Q

Gram positive

A

Thick peptidoglycan, no outer membrane, purple

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13
Q

Acid fast positive

A

Mycolic acid, gram positive, pink

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14
Q

Bacteria without a cell wall

A

Mollicutes (mycoplasma) and L-forms

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15
Q

Endotoxin

A

Released when the bacteria dies

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16
Q

Exotoxin

A

Made inside of the cell and released while alive

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17
Q

Plasmids

A

circular extrachromosomal elements containing virulence factors; allow transfer of virulence factors between bacterial cells

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18
Q

Bacteriophage

A

Virus that kills bacteria

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19
Q

What test measures the serum antibody level?

A

Antibody titer

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20
Q

What increase in paired titers suggests active infection?

A

Four-fold

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21
Q

What does a titer of 1280 mean?

A

Antibody is still present when the serum is diluted to 1 part per 1280

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22
Q

What two things can ELISA test for?

A

Antigens and toxins

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23
Q

Which bacterial species require special cultures?

A

Mycoplasma, salmonella, listeria, lycobacterium, and capylobacter

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24
Q

What is the difference between the two types of PCR?

A

Conventional- agarose gel
Real-Time- Fluorescent dye

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25
Q

Does a low or high Cycle threshold indicate the presence of a pathogen?

A

Low

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26
Q

Are there more antibody tests or antigen tests?

A

Antibody

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27
Q

Sterilization

A

Renders an inanimate object free of ALL microorganisms

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28
Q

Disinfection

A

Eliminates most microorganisms, but not spores

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29
Q

Decontamination

A

Reduces microorganisms until safe to handle

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30
Q

Antisepsis

A

Disinfection of living tissue

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31
Q

Antimicrobial

A

any substance that kill sor inhibits the growth of a microorganism

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32
Q

Antibiotic

A

a substace produced by a microorganism that can kill or inhibit other microorganisms

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33
Q

Abx that inhibit cell wall synthesis

A

beta lactams and glycopeptides

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34
Q

Penicillin

A

Beta lactam

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35
Q

Ampicillin

A

Beta lactam

36
Q

Vancomycin

A

Glycopeptide

37
Q

Abx that target nucleic acid synthesis

A

Sulfonamindes/trimethoprim-Folic acid synthesis, Fluoroquinolones, rifampin

38
Q

Enrofloxacin

A

Fluoroquinolone

39
Q

Ciprofloxacin

A

Fluoroquinolone

40
Q

Abx that target protein synthesis in the ribosome

A

Tetracyclines, macrolides, aminoglycosides, chloraphenicol

41
Q

Broad spectrum abx

A

Effective against gram negative and positive; (tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, fluoroquinolone, cephalosporin)

42
Q

Narrow spectrum abx

A

only useful against one class (penicillin, linosamides, glycopeptides, streptogramins, rifamycin)

43
Q

Bactericidal

A

Kill bacteria (aminoglycocides, beta-lactams, vancomycin, quinolones, rifamycin, metronidazole)

44
Q

Bacteriostatic

A

Inhibits bacterial growth (chloramphenicol, erythromycin, clindamycin, sulfonamides, trimethoprim, tetracyclines)

45
Q

Two kinds of Antimicrobial susceptibility testing

A

Disk diffusion test and Broth dilution test

46
Q

Is it better to have a low or high MIC?

A

Low, it takes less antimicrobial to inhibit the microbe

47
Q

What would happen if a drug had no PAE?

A

(Post anti-biotic effect) would need to dose more frequently

48
Q

Cephalosporin

A

Beta lactam

49
Q

Sublactam

A

Beta lactam

50
Q

Carbapenems

A

Beta lactam

51
Q

Monobactams

A

Beta lactam

52
Q

Adverse effects of beta lactams

A

Time dependent

53
Q

Oxytetracycline

A

tetracycline

54
Q

Doxycycline

A

Tetracycline

55
Q

Minocycline

A

Tetracycline

56
Q

Tetracycline spectrum of activity

57
Q

Tetracycline antibacterial activity

A

bacteriostatic

58
Q

Tetracycline adverse effects

A

Irritant, IV in horses can cause cardiovascular collapse, tooth discoloration, nephrotoxicity, time dependant, cross placental barrier

59
Q

Gentamicin

A

Aminoglycocide

60
Q

Amikacin

A

Aminoglycoside

61
Q

Tobramycin

A

Aminoglycoside

62
Q

Aminoglycoside spectrum of activity

63
Q

Aminoglycocide antibacterial activity

A

Bactericidal

64
Q

Aminoglycocide adverse effects

A

Nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, concentration dependent, oxygen dependent, physically incompatible with beta lactams, cannot administer orally

65
Q

Fluoroquinolone spectrum of activity

66
Q

Fluoroquinolone antibacterial activity

A

Bactericidal

67
Q

Fluoroquinolone adverse effects

A

Arthropathy, ocular toxicity, synthetic, high intracellular concentration in phagocytes, rapid resistance

68
Q

Erythromycin

69
Q

Azithromycin

70
Q

Clarithromycin

71
Q

Macrolide mechanism

A

Inhibit protein synthesis

72
Q

Macrolide spectrum of activity

73
Q

Macrolide antibacterial activity

A

Bacteriostatic

74
Q

Macrolide adverse effects

A

GI, intracellular accumulation

75
Q

Sulphonamide

A

Sulfa drug

76
Q

Sulfamethoxazole

A

Sulfa drug

77
Q

Sulfadiazine

A

Sulfa drug

78
Q

Sulfa drug mechanism

A

Inhibit folic acid and nucleic acid synthesis

79
Q

Sulfa drug spectrum of activity

80
Q

Sulfa drug antibacterial activity

A

bacteriostatic

81
Q

Sulfa drug effects

A

Allergic reactions in dogs

82
Q

When to use four-quadrant therapy?

A

Infection likely, but agent unknown

83
Q

What is covered in four-quadrant therapy?

A

Gram negative/positive. Aerobic/anaerobic

84
Q

Environmentally mediated resistance

A

Environment is altered so antimicrobial is not effective

85
Q

Microorganism mediated resistance

A

Pre-existing property of the organism makes it resistant to the antimicrobial

86
Q

Acquired resistance

A

Altered microbial physiology to resistant an antimicrobial

87
Q

Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance

A

Prevention of penetration, rapid efflux, enzymatic destruction, modification of target sites

Bacteriology (11 decks)

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