Module 3

Question 1

Harmony

Answer 1

The musical context in which each melodical note is presented.

It is the “background” pitches that are presented alongside the main melody to support and enrich it.

Like blending colours to create a new colour. There are endless variations and ways to present the same melody by altering the harmony that supports it.

Question 2

Tonalities

Answer 2

Hierarchies of pitches.

There are major and minor harmonies which are different tonalities created by combinations of the notes used in the melody and underlying harmony.

Major = bright, uplifting, happy
Minor = darker, melancholic, sad

Tonality differences are achieved through patterns of intervals between notes.

Question 3

Rhythm

Answer 3

The organised pattern of sounds and silences in music, creating a sense of timing, groove, and movement.

Question 4

Cognitivism

Answer 4

A belief or school of thought that while music is able to express emotions, the listener only recognises the emotions rather than feeling them.

The listener is processing the emotional content of music cognitively or through thought.

E.g. Ice is cold whether we touch it or not, the coldness of the ice is innate to the ice. We don’t need to touch it and feel the cold ourselves in order to perceive it.

Question 5

Emotivism

Answer 5

A belief or school of thought that music induces an emotional response in the listener directly and unconsciously.

The emotion is only expressed by music if that emotion is present in the listener.

It does not stem from conscious analysis of the musical elements.

Only afterwards do we mentally process and interpret these feelings.

Question 6

Peak experiences

Answer 6

A profound emotional experience in response to music.

Moments that stand out from everyday events.

Experiences of supreme joy and personal fulfillment involving a sense of transcendence and engrossment that blocks out all other stimuli.

These moments provide intrinsic value and contribute to a deeper sense of existence.

Question 7

NaVS MeLo

Nucleus Accumbens

Answer 7

NaVS MeLo

Located within the ventral striatum (VS).

It is a key part of the reward system through dopamine release and forms part of the mesolimbic (reward) pathway.

The NAc activates in response to highly rewarding or motivationally important events.

Enjoyable music increases NAc activity. It shows peak activity shortly after the highest levels of pleasure.

The NAc and dopamine are also implicated in addiction, depression and psychosis.

Question 8

PaHLay

Piloerection

Answer 8

PaHLay

Goosebumps.

Results from small muscles in the skin at the base of hair follicles contracting and causing the erection of hair.

It is an evolutionary response to cold/fear, and occurs due to the release of adrenaline signalled by the hypothalamus in response to limbic activation.

Question 9

Music Therapy

Answer 9

An allied health discipline where music is used to support people to improve their health and wellbeing.

It can be used to help people connect with, regulate and express emotions as well as communicate with others and overcome behavioural/cognitive problems.

Question 10

Recreative Music Therapy

Answer 10

Therapist and client perform existing songs together.

The therapist’s role is to facilitate the performance, guide the client’s contribution and provide input on this to bring about benefits.

Question 11

Guided Imagery and Music

Answer 11

Listening to a selection of music to induce a deeply relaxed state while also stimulating memories or feelings that help bring about a new way of understanding or expression.

Question 12

My Perfectly Fat Conure Piccle Demon

Default mode network/ idea generation network

Answer 12

IGN: My Perfectly Fat Conure PiCCkle DeMoN

The network that is active when we are at ‘waking restfulness’.

It is composed of the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC).

It is connected to processes such as mind-wondering, and daydreaming.

When the default mode network is in use, the central executive network is inactive.

Question 13

Controls Everything: Network Information, Even Naughty DeviL Perfec..

Central Executive Network/idea evaluation network

Answer 13

Controls Everything: Network Information, Even Naughty DeviL Perfectly Fat Conure PICCkles

Active while focussed on goal-oriented tasks.

It is involved in sustained attention, problem-solving, planning, and information manipulation in working memory.

While active, the default mode network is inactive.

It controls information flow and mediates between the dorsal attention, salience/ventral attention and default mode networks to maintain ? attention.

Composed of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and posterior cingulate gyrus (PCC).

Question 14

Stimuli Not Viewed ACCelerates rising AIr

Salience network/ventral attention network

Answer 14

Stimuli Not Viewed
ACCelerates rising AIr

Drives attention through bottom-up processes.

Helps us to attend to important stimuli (e.g. pain, emotions, rewards), unexpected/unattended stimuli, and to dynamically switch between and balance our inner and external focus.

It is required for creativity.

Composed of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and anterior insula (AI).

Question 15

DANIPS looks down forever focussed on features

Dorsal attention network

Answer 15

DANIPS looks down ForEver Focussed on Features

Guided by top-down processes.

It guides voluntary attention to locations or features of interest.

It is composed on the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) and the frontal eye fields (FEF).

Question 16

Flow

Answer 16

A state induced by maintaining sustained attention.

It is associated with high levels of focus, feelings of personal control (increased central executive network activity), and decreased self-awareness (reduced default mode network activity).

It is most likely to be achieved by balancing both skill and challenge.

Question 17

Change detection

Answer 17

Spotting changes in a visual scene.

It requires 5 steps; failure of any of the steps leads to change blindness:
- Directing attention to the change location
- Encoding what was at the location before the change
- Encoding what was at the location after the change
- Comparing the location before and after the change
- Consciously recognising discrepancies

Question 18

Multitasking

Answer 18

Doing two or more tasks at once (with true divided attention).

Only truly possible if both tasks require different cognitive resources or are practiced enough to be automatic.

There is an upper limit for attentional resources and the more complex and/or high-resource a task is the more errors we are likely to make as our attentional processes fail.

Question 19

Task switching

Answer 19

Unconsciously switching our attention between two tasks.

It is more difficult to switch to a new task than to repeat the same task.

There is a delay of a few hundred milliseconds between switching to a new task.

We don’t consciously realise this occurs and we are more likely to miss information in this window.

Question 20

Sun van creates new interests

Creativity

Answer 20

SuNVAN creates new interests

Comprises two core elements as its basis:

• Originality (default mode network- idea generation)
• Appropriateness (central executive network- idea evaluation)

Creative responses should be novel, useful and relevant.

Salience/ventral attentional network balances these considering interest, novelty and importance.

Question 21

Innovation

Answer 21

Creativity with a purpose.

Innovation places a greater emphasis on the application and implementation of ideas.

Question 22

Imagination

Answer 22

Creativity without a specific purpose.

The appropriateness criteria is no longer crucial.

It can be purely fantasy, or daydreaming, or it can emerge in reality as play.

Question 23

Creative Leisure

Answer 23

A freedom of self-expression which is intrinsically motivated rather than extrinsically motivated.

It is highly personal: what is considered creative leisure for one person may be considered a bothersome chore for another.

Question 24

Divergent thinking

Answer 24

A thought process used to generate ideas by considering many possible solutions in a spontaneous manner in a short time period.

It is integral in helping to develop creative ideas.

Question 25

Convergent thinking

Answer 25

Working to find a single optimised solution to a problem.

Question 26

Functional fixedness

Answer 26

The bias that we become ‘fixed’ on the design function of an object and have difficulty with generating atypical object functions.

Question 27

Insightful sun van spots a CCTV rat

Insightful thinking

Answer 27

Insightful SuNVAN spots a CCTv RAT

Also known as having an ‘aha’ moment where the solution to a problem manifests spontaneously.

It is a form of creative convergent thinking where we quickly make associations between remote concepts to find the ideal solution.

It involves part of the salience/ventral attention network being activated.

Right anterior temporal lobe becomes active during insight.

Anxiety impairs the ability to solve with insight, positive mood seems to help.

Question 28

Analyticent fat conure

Analytical thinking

Answer 28

AnalytiCENT fat conure

Methodically and consciously sorting through ideas to find a potential solution.

The central executive network is activated.

Analysis uses a prefrontal cortex pathway (PFC) that blocks insight.

Question 29

Improvisation

Answer 29

A highly creative process of spontaneous invention (not planned or foreseen).

Question 30

Consensual Assessment Technique (CAT)

Answer 30

Expert consensus used to measure creativity.

Participants produce a creative piece which is rated separately by experts from the same domain on how creative it is.

Experts then come together to form a consensus on its level of creativity.