module 3

Question 1

3 reaserch types

Answer 1

basic research

applied research

clinical research

translational research

Question 2

basic research

Answer 2

conducted to increase knowledge and fundemental understanding of the physical, chemical, and functional mechanisms of life prcesses and disease. i is not directed to solving any particular problem in humans or animals

Question 3

applied research

Answer 3

involvess the application of existing, much of which is obaned through basic research, to solve a practical problem

Question 4

clinical research

Answer 4

patient -or end user -oriented research with hyan subjects. patient-oriented research includes, mechanisms of human diseas i, theraputic interventions, clinical trials, development of new technologiestra

Question 5

nslational research

Answer 5

part of a unidirectional continuum in which research findings are moved fro the researcher’s bench to the patient’s bedside and to the comnity

Question 6

descriptive

Answer 6

an outcome in a population. charecterizes who, where or when in a relation to the what ( the outcome of intrest

Question 7

analytical

Answer 7

• examines the relationship b/w intervention and outcome
• tes hypothesis

Question 8

qualitativve

Answer 8

• subjective/interpretive observations
• Identifies themes in themes in observations - forms naratives/ story / essay
• does not test hypothesis, but may lead to hypothesis development

Question 9

quantitative

Answer 9

requires statstical analysis
- objective, measurable, units
- test hypothesis

Question 10

describe, examole, streghnths qualitativeq

Answer 10

data are written or spoken words; researchers identify themes or catogeries that form a narrative or provide insight

surveys, questionnairs interview, focus groups document reqiew

generate new ideas, hypothesis

Question 11

describe, examole, streghnths quantitative

Answer 11

data are numerical variables measured with a tool; researchers est hypotheses to support, refine, or refute theories

physiological variables, frequenceies, instances numerical simulations

test hypothesis and examine cause and effect relationships

Question 12

types of quantitative studies and thier properties

Answer 12

obsevational
- is non-manipulated studies/research
- researches do not attempt to influence/ manipulate participants or the surroundings

eperimental
- is a manipulated study
- pparticipants are randomized to resieve intervention or control

quasi-experimental
- lacking 1 or more element of experental research

Question 13

the utility of obervationa research

Answer 13

studying the otherwise un-study-able

prioritizing external validity

generating research questions

Question 14

type of observational research studies

Answer 14

cross-sectional
ongitudial
case-control study
cohort study

Question 15

cross sectional

Answer 15

participants are observed at one point in time

data/ measurement are collected once

outcomes: single measure, prevalence of disease/ events

Question 16

advantages cross-sectional

Answer 16

less experience
less likley to drop out
controls for ‘period effects’ data on al variabes are colllected at one time

Question 17

disadvantages cross-sectional

Answer 17

do not know wheher exposures happened before or ater outcome
associations identified between variables may be difficult to inteerpret
snapshot timint not garunteed to be reflective of ‘real - world’ settings

Question 18

longitudinal

Answer 18

participants are observed over time

data/ measure,emts are collected multiple times

outcome: change over time provides indication of incidence of disease

Question 19

Advantages longitudinal

Answer 19

• yuo may absorve patterns in outome ( D.V) overtime
• establishes an order of events
• reduces recall bias participants
• may provide insight into causal mechanisms

Question 20

disadvantages longitudinal

Answer 20

• time consuming and expensive
• affects by ‘ chort effects’
• cannot be used to suggest causation - only associations
• despite temporal aspectss - may not know if exposure precedes outcome

Question 21

prevelance

Answer 21

refers to the total number of individuals in a population who have a disease or health condition at a specific period of time, usually expreessed as a percentage of the population, who has the desease now?

prevalance = all cases/population @ risk

Question 22

Incidence

Answer 22

refers to the number of individuals who develop a specific disease or experince a specific healh related event during a particular time period ( such as a month or year). who will develop the diesease over time. Who will develop the disease over time?

Incidence = New cases/ population @risk

Question 22

case-control study

Answer 22

particapnts are selected based on an outcome of interest

Question 22

cohort study

Answer 22

particpants are selected based on a population of interest, participants are recruited based on cohort, therefore it is a longitudinal study

may be prospective: recruit participants - recruit paricipants and track them froward in tie, outcome is evaluated in the future or retrospective, recruit participants and identify past/ historical exposures, outcome is evaluated at time of recruitment (present day)

Question 23

steps of retrospective cohort stury

Answer 23

1. recruit a cohort
2. determine the outcome
3. determine the exposures from the pastq

Question 24

steps of prostective cohort study

Answer 24

1. recruit a cohort
   2determine exposure status
2. track outcomes as they develop overtime

Question 25

advantages of cohort sutdies

Answer 25

longitudinal, best external validity, representative, multiple exposures outcomes

Question 26

dissadvantagescohort sudy

Answer 26

large sample is required, expensive, attrition bias, measurement bias, poor internal validity

Question 27

recruitment ways for case-control study

and where they from

Answer 27

incident - new cases
prevelnt cases - existing folder cases

population based - recruitment from all casses in the population
hospial based - drawn from cases admitted and treated in a hospital

Question 28

strenghts and wakneses of poppulation - based recruit

Answer 28

cases are representsative of population
results are generalizable to population

more difficult to recruit
how do we find the cases?

Question 29

strenghts and weaknesses hospial based recruitment

Answer 29

easy to identify cases’
access to medical records

typically more sick
may be different in other ways compared to general population

Question 30

challenges in case control studies

Answer 30

selection bias
recall bias
misclassification