module 2

Question 1

how could you come up with a problem

Answer 1

clinical proble,
litrature riview
resuearch theory
prior observatoins

Question 2

how does the awnser of a research question have to be

Answer 2

defined in terms of opoulation, intervention and outcome

Question 3

model for developing a research question

Answer 3

PICOT

Question 4

3 types of population

Answer 4

Terget population
- identify the popuation that you wish to sudy and hope to apply the results of your stude

Accessible population
- the portion of the target population from which you are able to recruit participants

Sample
the participants who you recruited and who met your inclusion critieria

Question 5

I-intervention/ exposure

Answer 5

the treatment that participants in your study will recive, the group ou will study

groups dont have to me manipulated (things you cnat control and dont eed to)

Question 6

C- control group

Answer 6

an alternate group to which the intervention group is compared, an additional group called placebo may be added

Question 7

2 types of outcome

Answer 7

discrete/ catogorical - typical to have subsets (education level)

Continous - wide veriety of outcomes tipically have relevant unit (VO2 max)

Question 8

2 types of time, and what can it be used to

Answer 8

longitudinal and cross-sectional, time can also be used as an intervention or a control

Question 9

2 types of hypotheseis

Answer 9

null hypothesis
- intervention (exposure) and control group will have the same outcome
- no difference between groups aor there’s no effect of an intervention/ exposure

Alternative (research) hypothesis
- this hypothesis contradicts the null hypothesis
- a sample does not represent (differs from ) a population
- the outcome of the intervention and control groups will differ

Question 10

2 types of directionality

Answer 10

non-directional
- predict a change or difference in the outcome measure, but you do not specify which way that change is/will go

Directional
- predict the direction of the change or difference int he outcome measure between the groups

Question 11

types of variables

Answer 11

independent variable
- what is typically manipulates in a study

dependent variable
- this is what is measured or observed

control variables
- these are variables that are held constant by reaserchers
- the goal is to minimize the effects of these variables on the dependent variable or other aspects of the study.

Confounding variable
- these are variables other than I.V that may have an affect on the D.V
- they can lead to erroneous conclusions about the relationship between the independent and dependent variables

intervening variable
- is a conceptual variable
- is difficult to define/ measure
- health = e.g

Question 12

when is true reliability achieved

Answer 12

measurements are consistent and free from random errors

Question 13

factors effecting test-retest reliability

Answer 13

effects of testing
- participants ‘learn’ and perform better on subsequent trials

effects of test/ Re-Test intervals
- too much rest = boredom
- too litle rest = fatigue

Rater Bias
- people will perform measurements slightly so the same person should perform on all participants

External Factors
- Ambient conditions

Question 14

what is internal validity and the factors that affect it, and how to fix it

Answer 14

the degree to which a study establishes a cause-and -effect relationship between the treatment (independent variable and the outcome (dependent variable)

selection
history
maturation
testing
instrumentation
attrition

random assighnment is used to fix it

Question 15

what is external validity, threats to external validity, how to mitigate

Answer 15

how generalizable/ applicale are the findings to wider setting

selection of participants
selection of treatment
multiple treatment effects
repeated testing

random sampling

Question 16

critical apraisal

Answer 16

critical appraisal is the prpocess of carefully and systematically examining research to judge its trustworthiness