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module 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Organic molecules must have which two elements?
a. Carbon and Oxygen
b. Carbon and Hydrogen
c. Hydrogen and Oxygen
d. Carbon and Phosphorous
e. Phosphorous and Oxygen

A

b. Carbon and Hydrogen

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2
Q

What are the main functions of polysaccharides?
a. Energy storage
b. Enzymatic activities
c. Cell signaling
d. Genetic Storage
e. Cell boundaries

A

a. Energy storage

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3
Q

Mutations in the aquaporin protein that change a hydrophobic amino acid to a polar amino acid
would have an effect on what level of protein structure?
a. Primary
b. Secondary
c. Tertiary
d. Quaternary
e. All of the above

A

e. All of the above

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4
Q

The human body carries both Bacteria and Archaeal cells, primarily in the gut. How can you
distinguish an Archaeal cell from either a Bacterial cell or the body’s own cells, based on the
membrane lipids?
a. Archaea have phospholipids with isoprenoid chains instead of fatty acid chains
b. Archaea have sterols
c. Archaea have phospholipids with trans-unsaturated fatty acids
d. Archaea do not have phospholipids
e. Only Archaea have sphingolipids

A

a. Archaea have phospholipids with isoprenoid chains instead of fatty acid chains

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5
Q

What type of transport across a lipid membrane shows saturation kinetics?
a. Simple diffusion
b. Facilitated diffusion
c. Active transport
d. Both B and C
e. Both A and B

A

d. Both B and C

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6
Q

Animals that hibernate during winter modify their cell membranes to maintain semi-fluidity at
low temperatures. Which one of these modifications could hibernating animals make to
maintain this semi-fluid state?
a. Increase the hoponoid concentration of their membranes
b. Increase the amount of saturated fatty acids in their membranes
c. Increase the length of their fatty acids in their membranes
d. Increase the concentration of sterols in their membranes
e. Increase the concentration of trans-unsaturated fatty acids in their membranes

A

d. Increase the concentration of sterols in their membranes

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7
Q

Some species of bacteria live inside eukaryotic host cells in an endosymbiotic relationship.
What modern cellular organelles are thought to have evolved from prokaryotic endosymbionts?
a. Nuclei only
b. Mitochondria only
c. Chloroplasts only
d. Nuclei and chloroplasts
e. Mitochondria and chloroplasts

A

e. Mitochondria and chloroplasts

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8
Q

When tracking proteins through the cell, which of the following structures does the protein visit
directly after the smooth ER?
a. Rough ER
b. Endoplasm
c. Golgi
d. Secretory vesicles
e. Plasma membrane

A

c. Golgi

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9
Q

Which membranes or organelles are responsible for transporting packaged proteins to the cell
periphery?
a. The nuclear envelope
b. The Golgi vesicles
c. The secretory vesicles
d. The transport vesicles
e. The endoplasmic reticulum

A

d. Secretory vesicles

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10
Q

Living organisms increase in complexity as they grow, resulting in a decrease in the entropy of
an organism. How does this relate to the second law of thermodynamics?
a. Living organisms do not obey the second law of thermodynamics, which states that
entropy must increase with time.
b. Growing organisms decrease in entropy by increasing the entropy of the universe.
c. Organisms create more disorder in their environment than the decrease in entropy
associated with their growth.
d. Living organisms are able to transform energy into entropy.
e. Living organisms do not follow any laws of thermodynamics.

A

b. Growing organisms decrease in entropy by increasing the entropy of the universe.

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11
Q

A new drug is being developed as a competitive inhibitor. Which of the following most
accurately describes this drug?
a. A molecule that can binds an enzyme on a site other than the active site.
b. A molecule that has a chemical structure similar to that of the substrate.
c. A molecule that forms the same products as the substrate.
d. A molecule that has the same molecular mass as the substrate.
e. A molecule that changes the shape of an enzyme to prevent allosteric binding

A

b. A molecule that has a chemical structure similar to that of the substrate.

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12
Q

You are investigating the role of a specific protein in an organism. If you wanted to distinguish
between whether it bound to the substrate or bound to an allosteric regulator, which of the
following pieces of evidence would support allosteric binding?
a. The enzyme and the regulator are extremely similar chemically
b. If you artificially add more of the protein, eventually the reaction levels off
c. The reaction generates excess energy lost in the form of heat
d. The reaction is cool to the touch since it requires energy to complete
e. The enzyme changes shape after you add the protein you’re investigating

A

e. The enzyme changes shape after you add the protein you’re investigating

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13
Q

Scientists have discovered a new species of bacteria in Antarctica and want to determine what
type of metabolism the organism has. Through their research they notice that the bacteria can
grow in dark conditions if provided with a sugar source. What type of metabolism do these
bacteria have?
a. Chemoheterotrophy
b. Chemoautotrophy
c. Photoheterotropy
d. Photoautotrophy
e. None of the above

A

a. Chemoheterotrophy

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14
Q

Dinitrophenol (DNP) is a molecule that makes phospholipid bilayer membranes leaky to
protons. What would happen to the proton gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane if
DNP is added to isolated mitochondria?
a. The proton gradient will decrease
b. The proton gradient will increase
c. The proton gradient will be unchanged

A

a. The proton gradient will decrease

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15
Q

Glycolosis is an example of:
a. Substrate level phosphorylation
b. Oxidative phosphorylation
c. Photophosphorylation
d. A and B
e. None of the above

A

a. Substrate level phosphorylation

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16
Q

Oligomycin is a drug that inhibits the transfer of electrons from NADH to the electron transport
chain. What would happen to oxygen consumption if oligomycin was added to a muscle cell?
a. Increase in oxygen consumption and increase in fermentation
b. Decrease in oxygen consumption and increase in fermentation
c. Increase in oxygen consumption and decrease in fermentation
d. Decrease in oxygen consumption and decrease in fermentation
e. No change in oxygen consumption or fermentation

A

b. Decrease in oxygen consumption and increase in fermentation

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17
Q

Many bacteria are capable of anaerobic respiration, meaning that___
a. They synthesize ATP only by glycolysis and fermentation
b. They split water molecules to generate their own oxygen gas
c. They have mitochondria that function in the absence of oxygen
d. They use a different terminal electron acceptor other than oxygen
e. They make ATP through photophosphorylation

A

d. They use a different terminal electron acceptor other than oxygen

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18
Q

f all 6 carbons in glucose are labeled with 14C, what pathway(s) will release radioactive
14CO2?
a. Glycolysis only
b. Pyruvate oxidation only
c. Citric acid cycle only
d. Both glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation
e. Both pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle

A

e. Both pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle

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19
Q

Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?
a. In the cytoplasm in prokaryotes and in the mitochondria in eukaryotes
b. In the mitochondria of both eukaryotes and prokaryotes
c. In the cytoplasm of eukaryotes and in the mitochondria of prokaryotes
d. In the cytoplasm of both eukaryotes and prokaryotes
e. In the cytoplasm of prokaryotes and in the chloroplasts of eukaryotes

A

d. In the cytoplasm of both eukaryotes and prokaryotes

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20
Q

n what order do the steps in metabolism occur?
a. Pyruvate oxidation ‣ Fermentation ‣ Glycolysis ‣ Krebs Cycle
b. Pyruvate oxidation ‣ Glycolysis ‣ Krebs Cycle
c. Krebs Cycle ‣ Fermentation ‣ Glycolysis ‣ Pyruvate oxidation
d. Glycolysis ‣ Pyruvate oxidation ‣ Krebs Cycle
e. Krebs Cycle ‣ Pyruvate oxidation ‣ Glycolysis

A

d. Glycolysis ‣ Pyruvate oxidation ‣ Krebs Cycle

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21
Q

Beer is produced when yeast ferment grains. What product released by fermentation gives beer
its carbonation?
a. Lactic acid
b. Carbon dioxide
c. Glucose
d. NADH
e. Ethanol

A

b. Carbon dioxide

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22
Q

In the chloroplast, which complex produces oxygen gas by splitting water molecules?
a. Photosystem I
b. Photosystem II
c. The thylakoid membrane electron transport chain
d. ATP synthase
e. Both photosystem I and II can split H2O

A

b. Photosystem II

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23
Q

Photophosphorylation is similar to oxidative phosphorylation in that:
a. Both reduce carbon in the electron transport chain
b. Both oxidize H2O as a source of electrons
c. Both oxidize NAD(P)H into NAD(P)+
d. Both utilize light as a source of energy
e. None of these

A

e. None of these

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24
Q

Two molecules of G3P are needed to make a
molecule of glucose. How many ATPs are
expended in the Calvin cycle to make a
molecule of glucose?
a. 6
b. 9
c. 12
d. 15
e. 18

A

e. 18

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25
Q

hich of these molecules is a competitive inhibitor of Rubisco?
a. CO2
b. NADP+
c. ADP
d. O2
e. H2O

A

d. O2

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26
Q

C3 plants have a growth advantage over C4 plants in cool moist conditions because:
a. Increased oxygen in this environment
b. No additional ATP cost from C4 carbon fixation
c. They produce more ATP in the Calvin Cycle
d. They have both PSI and PSII
e. Decreased CO2 in this environmen

A

b. No additional ATP cost from C4 carbon fixation

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27
Q

Photosynthetic bacteria are grown in a closed flask. What will happen to the CO2 content in the
flask if the flask is kept in complete darkness?
a. The CO2 content will increase
b. The CO2 content will decrease
c. The CO2 content will stay the same

A

a. The CO2 content will increase

28
Q

The gluten in the bun of this burger are a family
of proteins, which of these elements is NOT a
primary components of the bun?
a. Nitrogen
b. Phosphorous
c. Oxygen
d. Hydrogen
e. Sulfur

A

b. Phosphorous

29
Q

The fat from the beef in the burger undergoes
beta oxidation and enters your metabolism at what step?
a. Glycolosis
b. Oxidative phosphorylation
c. Fermentation
d. Citric acid cycle
e. Pyruvate oxidation

A

d. Citric acid cycle

30
Q

o use the energy present in the burger your cells need oxygen delivered by your bloodstream.
What process allows oxygen to enter your cells from your blood stream?
a. Facilitated diffusion
b. Active transport
c. Endocytosis
d. Cholesterol channels
e. Simple diffusion

A

e. Simple diffusion

31
Q

You are strenuously working out to work of the calories from the burger you ate. Your muscles
are under anerobic conditions so they creating lactic acid from fermentation reactions. What is
the purpose of these fermentation reactions?
a. To generate ATP
b. To reduce oxygen
c. To oxidize NADH
d. To send lactic acid into the Citric Acid Cycle
e. To create ethanol

A

c. To oxidize NADH

32
Q

There are 10 grams of sugar total in this burger which equates to roughly 3x10^22 molecules of
glucose, a six-carbon sugar. If each turn of the Calvin Cycle fixes one molecule of carbon
dioxide, then how many rounds of the Calvin Cycle would need to take place to make this much
glucose?
a. 3x10^22
b. 6x10^22
c. 18x10^22
d. 10
e. 20

A

c. 18x10^22

33
Q

A molecule is organic if it has:
a. A carbon and at least one of: hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, or sulfur
b. A carbon sharing a bond with a carbon
c. A carbon sharing a bond with a hydrogen
d. A carbon sharing a bond with an oxygen
e. Any of the above would be organic

A

c. A carbon sharing a bond with a hydrogen

34
Q

f a cell had no access to phosphorus, then it would be unable to make:
a. Carbohydrates and membrane lipids
b. Membrane lipids and nucleic acids
c. Nucleic acids and proteins
d. Proteins and carbohydrates
e. Carbohydrates and nucleic acids

A

b. Membrane lipids and nucleic acids

35
Q

Aquaporins are proteins embedded in cell membranes that serve as water channels
across the membrane. Aquaporins contain six alpha-helices that span the lipid bilayer.
An alpha helix is an example of:
a. Protein tertiary structure
b. Protein primary structure
c. Protein quaternary structure
d. Protein secondary structure
e. A protein channe

A

d. Protein secondary structure

36
Q

Aquaporins are proteins embedded in cell membranes that serve as water channels
across the membrane. Aquaporins contain six alpha-helices that span the lipid bilayer.
Where in the properly-folded aquaporin protein would you expect to find a hydrophobic
amino acid like leucine?
a. In the part of the protein that interacts with the lipid tails of the membrane
b. In the part of the protein that interacts with the polar heads of the membrane
c. In the part of the protein that interacts with water molecules
d. Either A or B
e. Either B or C

A

a. In the part of the protein that interacts with the lipid tails of the membrane

37
Q

The human microbiome contains both bacteria and archaea that live in our gut, on our
skin, and on our mucosal tissues. Based on membrane lipids, how can you distinguish a
bacterial cell from either an archaeal cell or the body’s own cells?
a. Only bacteria have cholesterol and other sterols
b. Only bacteria have phospholipids with saturated fatty acid chains
c. Only bacteria have phospholipids with isoprenoid chains
d. Only bacteria have hopanoids

A

d. Only bacteria have hopanoids

38
Q

Narwhals are marine mammals that live in the Arctic year-round. Compared to other
whales that live in warmer oceans, the membrane lipids of the Arctic narwhals would be
expected to have higher percentage of:
a. Sterols
b. Saturated fatty acids
c. Unsaturated fatty acids
d. Sterols and saturated fatty acids
e. Sterols and unsaturated fatty acids

A

e. Sterols and unsaturated fatty acids

39
Q

f you take a freshwater alga out of the freshwater environment and place it into a
saltwater environment, what will happen to the cell?
a. Water will exit the cell and cause the cell to shrivel up and perhaps die
b. Water will enter the cell and cause the cell to swell and perhaps burst
c. Nothing will happen because the cell membrane is impermeable to water
molecules
d. Nothing will happen because the cell will actively pump water in or out as
needed

A

a. Water will exit the cell and cause the cell to shrivel

40
Q

A molecule would be expected to cross the membrane bilayer by simple diffusion if the
molecule:
a. Uses a protein channel
b. Is small and polar
c. Is small and nonpolar
d. Is necessary for cell survival
e. Is moving against its concentration gradient

A

c. Is small and nonpolar

41
Q

Which is the correct order of intracellular trafficking for plasma membrane proteins
from their site of synthesis to the plasma membrane?
a. rough ER -> transport vesicles -> mitochondria -> Golgi -> plasma membrane
b. smooth ER -> rough ER -> secretory vesicles -> plasma membrane
c. cytoplasm -> rough ER -> secretory vesicles - > Golgi -> plasma membrane
d. rough ER -> transport vesicles -> Golgi -> secretory vesicles -> plasma membrane
e. nucleus -> rough ER -> secretory vesicles -> Golgi -> plasma membrane

A

d. rough ER -> transport vesicles -> Golgi -> secretory vesicles -> plasma membrane

42
Q
  1. All of the following are evidence that supports the endosymbiotic theory EXCEPT:
    a. mitochondria and chloroplasts have double membranes with the electron
    transport chains in their internal membranes
    b. the chlorophyll found in chloroplasts is identical to the chlorophyll found in
    cyanobacteria
    c. mitochondria and chloroplasts have DNA that is organized in a circular
    chromosome
    d. mitochondria and chloroplasts produce their own ribosomes
    e. all of the answer options are evidence that supports the endosymbiotic theory
  2. Fatty acid desaturases are enzymes embedded in the smooth ER membrane, where they
    create double bonds in fatty acid chains. Where in the cell are the fatty acid desaturase
    enzymes synthesized?
    a. By ribosomes attached to the rough ER
    b. By ribosomes attached to the Golgi
    c. By ribosomes attached to the smooth ER
    d. By ribosomes in the mitochondria
    e. By free ribosomes in the cytoplasm
  3. Enzymes work by:
    a. Providing the energy source for a chemical reaction
    b. Maintaining chemical equilibrium in the cellular environment
    c. Reducing the activation energy required for a chemical reaction
    d. Decreasing the overall ∆G of a chemical reaction
    e. Minimizing entropy produced by the cell
A

e. all of the answer options are evidence that supports the endosymbiotic theory

43
Q
  1. Fatty acid desaturases are enzymes embedded in the smooth ER membrane, where they
    create double bonds in fatty acid chains. Where in the cell are the fatty acid desaturase
    enzymes synthesized?
    a. By ribosomes attached to the rough ER
    b. By ribosomes attached to the Golgi
    c. By ribosomes attached to the smooth ER
    d. By ribosomes in the mitochondria
    e. By free ribosomes in the cytoplasm
A

a. By ribosomes attached to the rough ER

44
Q
  1. Enzymes work by:
    a. Providing the energy source for a chemical reaction
    b. Maintaining chemical equilibrium in the cellular environment
    c. Reducing the activation energy required for a chemical reaction
    d. Decreasing the overall ∆G of a chemical reaction
    e. Minimizing entropy produced by the cell
A

c. Reducing the activation energy required for a chemical reaction

45
Q

Inhibitors of certain fatty acid desaturases have been developed as potential anti-cancer
drugs. Some of these inhibitors are non-competitive allosteric inhibitors, meaning that
they:
a. react with the substrate of the enzyme
b. bind to a location on the enzyme that is not the active site
c. bind to the active site of the enzyme
d. bind to the enzyme substrate
e. inhibit synthesis of the enzyme substrate

A

b. bind to a location on the enzyme that is not the active site

46
Q

You discover a new species of Archaea and determine that it cannot grow in the light
with access to air only; it cannot grow in the dark when given a sugar source; it can grow
in the light when given a sugar source. This Archaeal species is a:
a. Chemoheterotroph
b. Chemoautotroph
c. Photoheterotroph
d. Photoautotroph
e. None of these

A

c. Photoheterotroph

47
Q

Which of the following describes the mechanism used by mitochondrial ATP synthase to
produce ATP?
a. It pumps protons across a membrane to create a concentration gradient
b. It accepts electrons from the mitochondrial electron transport chain
c. It deposits electrons onto oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor
d. It deposits electrons from the electron transport chain onto ADP
e. It uses a proton gradient that is produced by the electron transport chain

A

e. It uses a proton gradient that is produced by the electron transport chain

48
Q

Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is responsible for almost 50% of all poisoning deaths
worldwide, because the hemoglobin in red blood cells has a much higher affinity for CO
than it does for oxygen gas. How would CO poisoning affect movement of electrons
through the electron transport chain?
a. It depends on whether redox reactions are still occurring in the cell
b. Oxygen is not involved in this process
c. Electron flow in the ETC would slow down
d. Electron flow in the ETC would speed up
e. Electron flow in the ETC would not change

A

c. Electron flow in the ETC would slow down

49
Q
  1. Which of the following is the electron donor to the mitochondrial electron transport
    chain?
    a. NADH
    b. Acetyl-CoA
    c. Pyruvate
    d. NAD+
    e. Oxygen
A

a. NADH

50
Q
  1. If electrons stopped flowing through the mitochondrial electron transport chain, what
    would happen to the proton gradient and ATP synthesis in cells?
    a. The proton gradient will increase, and ATP synthesis will increase
    b. The proton gradient will increase, and ATP synthesis will decrease
    c. The proton gradient will be unchanged, and ATP synthesis will be unchanged
    d. The proton gradient will decrease, and ATP synthesis will increase
    e. The proton gradient will decrease, and ATP synthesis will decrease
A

e. The proton gradient will decrease, and ATP synthesis will decrease

51
Q
  1. Which of the following pathways are located in the cytoplasm of both prokaryotic and
    eukaryotic cells?
    a. Citric acid cycle
    b. Glycolysis
    c. Pyruvate oxidation
    d. Citric acid cycle and glycolysis
    e. All of the above
A

b. Glycolysis

52
Q

Starting with glycolysis, and ending with the electron transport chain, the order of the
pathways in cellular respiration is:
a. Fermentation -> pyruvate oxidation -> citric acid cycle
b. Pyruvate reduction -> citric acid cycle
c. Citric acid cycle -> pyruvate oxidation
d. Pyruvate oxidation -> citric acid cycle
e. None of the above

A

d. Pyruvate oxidation -> citric acid cycle

53
Q

Glycolysis produces ATP through
a. Substrate-level phosphorylation
b. Oxidative phosphorylation
c. Photophosphorylation
d. Redox reactions
e. Glycolysis does not produce ATP

A

a. Substrate-level phosphorylation

54
Q

Which of the following is a common product of glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the
citric acid cycle (produced by all three)?
a. CO2
b. ATP
c. ADP
d. NAD+
e. NADH

A

e. NADH

55
Q

Which metabolic pathway below is the entry point for fatty acid metabolism?
a. Fermentation
b. Electron transport chain
c. Citric acid cycle
d. Pyruvate oxidation
e. Glycolysis

A

c. Citric acid cycle

56
Q

You isolate cancer cells from a patient and test their metabolism in different conditions.
When given glucose as the primary carbon source, you find that the cells DO NOT
consume oxygen and DO produce lactic acid.. However, when given acetyl-CoA as the
primary carbon source, the cells DO consume oxygen. What pathway is most likely
defective in these cells?
a. Glycolysis
b. Electron transport chain
c. Citric acid cycle
d. Pyruvate oxidation
e. Fermentation

A

d. Pyruvate oxidation

57
Q

Under strenuous exercise, human muscles begin operating under anaerobic conditions.
In this scenario, human muscle cells will:
a. Reduce pyruvate to produce ATP
b. Use fermentation to oxidize NADH to NAD+
c. Metabolize fatty acids and/or amino acids
d. Use an alternative terminal electron acceptor such as sulfur
e. Use lactic acid as an alternative input to glycolysis

A

b. Use fermentation to oxidize NADH to NAD+

58
Q

Which wavelength of light has the highest amount of energy per photon?
a. infrared light (800 nm)
b. far red light (750 nm)
c. red light (670 nm)
d. green light (550 nm)
e. blue light (450 nm)

A

e. blue light (450 nm)

59
Q

In chloroplasts and cyanobacteria, the electron source for the light reactions of
photosynthesis is:
a. Water
b. Oxygen
c. Photons
d. Chlorophyll
e. Carbon dioxide

A

a. Water

60
Q

In chloroplasts and cyanobacteria, where does photosystem I transfer its electron?
a. To NADP+ as the final step in the Z scheme
b. To photosystem II as the next step in the Z scheme
c. To the electron transport chain to pump more protons in cyclic electron flow
d. Usually A, and sometimes B
e. Usually A, and sometimes C

A

e. Usually A, and sometimes C

61
Q

You identify a photosynthetic bacterium and want to determine if it has a single
photosystem or two photosystems. You are confident that it has two photosystems in a
Z scheme when you determine that the bacteria can:
a. Synthesize ATP
b. Oxidize water
c. Reduce carbon
d. Reduce electron carriers
e. Reduce carbon and reduce electron carriers

A

b. Oxidize water

62
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation are similar in that they both
produce ATP using:
a. A proton gradient
b. An electron transport chain
c. Electrons from a carbon source
d. A proton gradient and an ETC
e. All of the above

A

d. A proton gradient and an ETC

63
Q

You plant a tree in a pot and let it grow for 3 years. The increased mass of the tree came
primarily from:
a. Molecules in the air
b. Molecules in the water
c. Molecules in the soil
d. Molecules from the sun

A

a. Molecules in the air

64
Q

If a plant is kept in the dark and cannot perform the light-dependent reactions, then it
will be unable to fix CO2 due to the lack of:
a. O2 and ATP
b. O2 and NADPH
c. ATP and NADPH
d. O2, ATP, and NADPH
e. CO2, ATP, and NADPH

A

c. ATP and NADPH

65
Q

What is the relationship between Rubisco and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) in the
Calvin cycle?
a. RuBP reacts with CO2 to produce Rubisco in the Calvin cycle
b. RuBP and CO2 are the substrates of Rubisco in the Calvin cycle
c. Rubisco and RuBP catalyze the first and second reactions in the Calvin cycle
d. Rubisco produces RuBP as an unstable intermediate in the Calvin cycle
e. Rubisco and RuBP are both substrates in the Calvin cycle

A

b. RuBP and CO2 are the substrates of Rubisco in the Calvin cycle

66
Q
A

biology 1107 (5 decks)

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