Module 3 Flashcards
Menarch
The first menstrual cycle
- Age 8-15
Anterior Pituitary
Target organ is the ovaries
- Hormones
Anterior Pituitary Hormones
Target organ is the ovaries
- Hormones
->FSH
->LH
Ovarian Hormones
Estrogen & Progesterone
Uterine Cycle
Menstrual Cycle (Phase)
- Lasts 3-6 days, begins on first day of flow
-> Lining is shed
Proliferative Phase
- Lasts from end of menstruation until ovulation
-> 28 day cycle, about day 14
Ovulation
- Egg is released from ovary, travels through Fallopian tube in hopes of fertilization
Secretory Phase
- Endometrial cells swell and prepare for fertilized ovum
-If no fertilization, levels drop & period begins
Ischemic Phase
Ovarian Cycle
Folicular Phase
- Stimulated follicle growth
Ovulation
Luteal Phase
- Ovum is related from folic until menses begins, folic becomes corpus lutem
Conception
Union of sperm and ovum (egg)
- Sperm can survive 48-72 hours
- Ova is fertile for 12-24 hours
Fertilization
Sperm penetrates ovum
- Critical time phase
-> about 72 hours, 12-24 hours after ovulation
-> about 24-48 hours before ovulation
Pre-Embryonic Period
Rapid cell division
- As zygote migrates towards uterus
6-10 days after fertilization is implantation
- Uterus is in secretory phase
Only about 50% of zygotes actually achieve implantation
Function of the placenta
Transports and Exchanges
- Serves as the liver, kidneys, lungs, GI tract for fetus as well as passive immunity via maternal antibodies for fetus until fetal systems are mature enough to function
Hormones:
- hCG
- Estrogen
-Progesterone
-hPL
First Trimester
From conception to end of week 12
Can tell sex of baby
Heart begins to beat
Spontaneous movement
Second Trimester
From week 13- week 26
Very active
Lungs begin forming alveoli/surfactant
Eyes open, sensitive to light/sounds
Third Trimester
From week 27 to birth
Subcutaneous fat increases (look “chubby”)
Bones still soft/flexible
Respiratory & Circulatory systems function
Maternal antibodies are transferred to fetus
Estrogen
Secreted in the ovaries then the placenta
- Major Actions:
- Increase uterine growth
- Increase support of breast development
- Increase uterine blood flow
Progesterone
Secreted in the corpus lutem early on then placenta
- Major Actions:
- Relaxes smooth muscle: which reduces gastric motility and relaxes blood vessel walls
hCG
Secreted from cells of the developing placenta (Throphoblast)
-Major Actions:
- Prevents involution of the corpus lutem, which maintains production of progesterone and some estrogen until the placenta is formed
Relaxin
Secreted primarily in the corpus lutem and small amount in the placenta
-Major Actions:
- Decreases uterine contractility
- Relaxes connective tissue
hPL (Human Placental Lactogen)
Secreted in the placenta
-Major Actions:
- Makes glucose available for developing fetus, promotes a relative insulin resistance later in pregnancy
- Both growth promoting and lactogenic
Prolactin
Secreted in the Anterior Pituitary
-Major Actions:
- Promotes development of the breasts and supports lactation
- After birth, release stimulates milk production… lactation is surpassed by estrogen
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone
Secreted by Anterior Pituitary
-Major Actions:
- Increase during pregnancy
- Produces hyperpigmentation
Oxytocin
Secreted in the Posterior Pituitary
-Major Actions:
- Stimulates uterine contractions
- Stimulates the milk ejection reflex
Aldosterone
Secreted in the Adrenals
-Major Actions:
- Increase during pregnancy to conserve sodium and maintain fluid balance
Cortisol
Secreted in the Adrenals
-Major Actions:
- Increase during pregnancy, is active in metabolism of glucose and fats
Supine Hypotensive Syndrome
Pressure from fetus on vena cava when mom is laying on her back
- Restricts blood flow to the right atrium and lowers BP. Causes dizziness, calmness, feel like you’re about to faint
