Module 3

Question 1

Menarch

Answer 1

The first menstrual cycle
- Age 8-15

Question 2

Anterior Pituitary

Answer 2

Target organ is the ovaries
- Hormones

Question 3

Anterior Pituitary Hormones

Answer 3

Target organ is the ovaries
- Hormones
->FSH
->LH

Question 4

Ovarian Hormones

Answer 4

Estrogen & Progesterone

Question 5

Uterine Cycle

Answer 5

Menstrual Cycle (Phase)
- Lasts 3-6 days, begins on first day of flow
-> Lining is shed
Proliferative Phase
- Lasts from end of menstruation until ovulation
-> 28 day cycle, about day 14
Ovulation
- Egg is released from ovary, travels through Fallopian tube in hopes of fertilization
Secretory Phase
- Endometrial cells swell and prepare for fertilized ovum
-If no fertilization, levels drop & period begins
Ischemic Phase

Question 6

Ovarian Cycle

Answer 6

Folicular Phase
- Stimulated follicle growth
Ovulation
Luteal Phase
- Ovum is related from folic until menses begins, folic becomes corpus lutem

Question 7

Conception

Answer 7

Union of sperm and ovum (egg)
- Sperm can survive 48-72 hours
- Ova is fertile for 12-24 hours

Question 8

Fertilization

Answer 8

Sperm penetrates ovum
- Critical time phase
-> about 72 hours, 12-24 hours after ovulation
-> about 24-48 hours before ovulation

Question 9

Pre-Embryonic Period

Answer 9

Rapid cell division
- As zygote migrates towards uterus
6-10 days after fertilization is implantation
- Uterus is in secretory phase
Only about 50% of zygotes actually achieve implantation

Question 10

Function of the placenta

Answer 10

Transports and Exchanges
- Serves as the liver, kidneys, lungs, GI tract for fetus as well as passive immunity via maternal antibodies for fetus until fetal systems are mature enough to function

Hormones:
- hCG
- Estrogen
-Progesterone
-hPL

Question 11

First Trimester

Answer 11

From conception to end of week 12

Can tell sex of baby
Heart begins to beat
Spontaneous movement

Question 12

Second Trimester

Answer 12

From week 13- week 26

Very active
Lungs begin forming alveoli/surfactant
Eyes open, sensitive to light/sounds

Question 13

Third Trimester

Answer 13

From week 27 to birth

Subcutaneous fat increases (look “chubby”)
Bones still soft/flexible
Respiratory & Circulatory systems function
Maternal antibodies are transferred to fetus

Question 14

Estrogen

Answer 14

Secreted in the ovaries then the placenta
- Major Actions:
- Increase uterine growth
- Increase support of breast development
- Increase uterine blood flow

Question 15

Progesterone

Answer 15

Secreted in the corpus lutem early on then placenta
- Major Actions:
- Relaxes smooth muscle: which reduces gastric motility and relaxes blood vessel walls

Question 16

hCG

Answer 16

Secreted from cells of the developing placenta (Throphoblast)
-Major Actions:
- Prevents involution of the corpus lutem, which maintains production of progesterone and some estrogen until the placenta is formed

Question 17

Relaxin

Answer 17

Secreted primarily in the corpus lutem and small amount in the placenta
-Major Actions:
- Decreases uterine contractility
- Relaxes connective tissue

Question 18

hPL (Human Placental Lactogen)

Answer 18

Secreted in the placenta
-Major Actions:
- Makes glucose available for developing fetus, promotes a relative insulin resistance later in pregnancy
- Both growth promoting and lactogenic

Question 19

Prolactin

Answer 19

Secreted in the Anterior Pituitary
-Major Actions:
- Promotes development of the breasts and supports lactation
- After birth, release stimulates milk production… lactation is surpassed by estrogen

Question 20

Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone

Answer 20

Secreted by Anterior Pituitary
-Major Actions:
- Increase during pregnancy
- Produces hyperpigmentation

Question 21

Oxytocin

Answer 21

Secreted in the Posterior Pituitary
-Major Actions:
- Stimulates uterine contractions
- Stimulates the milk ejection reflex

Question 22

Aldosterone

Answer 22

Secreted in the Adrenals
-Major Actions:
- Increase during pregnancy to conserve sodium and maintain fluid balance

Question 23

Cortisol

Answer 23

Secreted in the Adrenals
-Major Actions:
- Increase during pregnancy, is active in metabolism of glucose and fats

Question 24

Supine Hypotensive Syndrome

Answer 24

Pressure from fetus on vena cava when mom is laying on her back
- Restricts blood flow to the right atrium and lowers BP. Causes dizziness, calmness, feel like you’re about to faint

Question 25

Gestational Diabetes

Answer 25

Carbohydrate intolerance with onset or diagnosis during pregnancy
- Women that cannot secrete enough insulin

Question 26

Developmental Tasks of Pregnancy

Answer 26

-Acceptance of pregnancy
- Identifying with role of mother
- Evaluating relationships between self and mother, self and partner
-Ensuring safe passage for herself and her child

Question 27

Maternal Role of Attatchment

Answer 27

An interaction and developmental process occurring overtime in which the mother becomes attached to her infant, acquires competence in the care-taking tasks invited in the role and expresses pleasure and gratification in the role

Question 28

Psychological Adaptation (Frist Trimester)

Answer 28

Acceptance of Pregnancy
- “I am pregnant”
Teaching in First Trimester
- What mom can expect
-Body roles/changes
- Nutrition

Question 29

Psychological Adaptation (Second Trimester)

Answer 29

Differentiation
- “I am going to have a baby”
- Discomforts better
- Focus shifts to baby
- Perceives fetus as separate
Teaching
- Breastfeeding
-Newborn care
-Fetal movement
-Healthy Lifestyle

Question 30

Psychological Adaptation (Third Trimester)

Answer 30

Separation
- “I am going to be a mother”
- Preparing for the end
-Ambivalence returns
- Anxiety normal
Teaching
- Birth plan
-Child birth classes
- Sign/ symptoms of preterm labor
- Breathing and relaxation techniques