module 3

Question 1

glial cells

Answer 1

provide support for neurons

Question 2

neurons

Answer 2

cells that communicate with the brain and body

Question 3

how do neurons communicate with each other?

Answer 3

Through chemical messages

Question 4

Which is the main cell triggered by electrical impulses to send chemical messages in the brain?
glial cells
neurons
histones
building blocks

Answer 4

neurons

Question 5

_________ are cells in the nervous system that provide support function.

Answer 5

glial cells

Question 6

dendrites

Answer 6

extension of cell body to communicate with other neurons

Question 7

what are neurotransmitters

Answer 7

chemicals released from the end of an axon

Question 8

what do the terminal buttons house

Answer 8

vesicles

Question 9

what is a presynaptic nuerons

Answer 9

the axon terminal that release neurotransmitters during synapse

Question 10

what is the synapse?

Answer 10

small fluid gap between nuerons into which neuro transmitters are release

Question 11

what is postsynaptic neurons

Answer 11

site of receptors ready to bind to neurotransmitters usually on denrites

Question 12

what is the break between myelin sheaths called

Answer 12

nodes of Ranvier

Question 13

what are agonists?

Answer 13

mimic or enhance neurotransmitters in some way

Question 14

endogenous

Answer 14

substance produced in body

Question 15

what is an antagonsit

Answer 15

chemical that come from outside the body that shuts of the receptors

Question 16

what are oligodendrocytes

Answer 16

cells that wrap myelin insulation around a neuron in CNS

Question 17

what are Schwann cells?

Answer 17

cells that wrap myelin insulation around a neuron in PNS

Question 18

what are astrocytes

Answer 18

help give neurons nutrition and maintain balance of charge ions inside and outside

Question 19

what are microglia

Answer 19

clean and get rid of germs

Question 20

which glial cell can cause neurodegnerative diseases

Answer 20

dysfunctional astrocytes

Question 21

Which glial cells fight infections and clean up debris that could lead to dangerous inflammation in the brain? (2 marks)
microglia
astrocytes
Schwann cells
oligodendrocytes

Answer 21

microglia
astrocytes

Question 22

what are neuron networks

Answer 22

are complex connections between the dendrites and axons of many neurons

Question 23

what are efferents

Answer 23

axons carrying signals away from CNS

Question 24

what are afferents

Answer 24

axons carrying signals to the CNS

Question 25

what does mirror box therapy help with?

Answer 25

neuroplasticity

Question 26

what is your neocortex

Answer 26

outer layer of your brain, responsible for high level processing of info (concious)

Question 27

what is your medulla?

Answer 27

closest to spinal cord, responsible for unconscious process such as breathing and heart rate

Question 28

We can learn to do new things, even as adults, because of the concept of _____

Answer 28

Neuroplasticity (brains ability to adapt respond and grow new pathways)

Question 29

what is gray matter? white matter?

Answer 29

neurons and glia. bundles of myelinated axons.

Question 30

why do we say think of a spinal cord injury as a road block?

Answer 30

spinal cord is like an information highway

Question 31

what is the autonomic system divided into?

Answer 31

sympathetic(go) and parasympathetic(relax)

Question 32

where is the medulla? functions? what happens without it?

Answer 32

medulla, is the lowest anatomical portion of the brain and the transition point between the brain and the spinal cord. Without the medulla, you could not breathe, your heart would not beat, and you would be incapable of swallowing (which is vital in obtaining nourishment).

Question 33

info from the spinal cord enters the medulla and is then transferred to the _____ and to higher-order brain functions

Answer 33

pons

Question 34

what does the pons do?

Answer 34

control facial expressions and movement of the eye, coordinates sense with cerebellum , body’s orientation and regulates left-right coordination.

Question 35

where is the reticular activating system (RAS located? what does it do?

Answer 35

cell network in pons and medulla responsible for alertness

Question 36

What are the two intertwined functions that the RAS helps to regulate

Answer 36

(a) our level of arousal (excitement/energy) and (b) the focus of our attention on tasks, people, or objects

Question 37

what happens with dysfunction in RAS

Answer 37

ADHD

Question 38

what part of our brain controls our movement in our face?

Answer 38

pons

Question 39

what is your prefrontal cortex?

Answer 39

network of neurons or glia that are invloved in decision making

Question 40

what does our limbic system do?

Answer 40

regulate our endocrine systems as well as our emotions and emotional memory

Question 41

What is included in the lymbic system

Answer 41

prefrontal cortex, the olfactory (smell) cortex, the amygdala, the hippocampus, the cingulate gyrus, and the hypothalamus

Question 42

what does our amygdala do?

Answer 42

activate our fear response also involved in aggression response and romantic response -secretes norepinephrine (adrenalin); activates fight or flight

Question 43

amygdala receives sensory input from ___ of your senses some many none all

Answer 43

all

Question 44

what happens if your amygdala is removed

Answer 44

makes animals docile causes humans to lose emotion and act inappropriately in situations that usually cause emotional response

Question 45

what happens if you amygdala is overstimulated

Answer 45

common in people with anxiety and phobias

Question 46

what does the hippocampus do?

Answer 46

responsible for forming new memories

Question 47

what part of our brain activates when we experience bad stuff both physically (pain) and when being excluded socially.

Answer 47

cingulate gyrus

Question 48

what is the hypothalamus responsible for?

Answer 48

functions in the autonomic and endocrine systems. It is responsible for regulating hunger responses, sexual behavior, temperature, and aggression.

Question 49

hypothalamus regulates homeostasis

Answer 49

hypothalamus regulates homeostasis

Question 50

What does the basal ganglia

Answer 50

help learn movements and coordinate movement patterns

Question 51

What happens to the leftover neurotransmitter?

Answer 51

Broken down by enzymes -Absorbed back into the presynaptic neuron

Question 52

what happens if there is damage to the basal ganglia

Answer 52

parkinson disease

Question 53

what is MS (multiple sclerosis)

Answer 53

Autoimmune: immune system attacks proteins in myelin * Myelin becomes inflamed, swollen, detached, gradually destroyed * Nerve impulses shortcircuit * Can happen in peripheral or central nerves – symptoms depend on where damage is

Question 54

what does the cerebellum do? damage?

Answer 54

Regulates muscle tone, coordination of movements, balance * Integrates sensory and motor pathways * Damage: ‘drunk’ behaviour

Question 55

condition that's caused by cerebellum damage?

Answer 55

Ataxic Cerebral Palsy Motor disorder: low muscle tone, poor coordination, balance, fine motor * Not inherited, non-progressive, permanent * Damage to cerebellum * Most cases (80%) caused in utero * Some caused perinatally (injury or lack of O2) or in first few years of life

Question 56

what does the thalamus do?

Answer 56

* Processes and integrates sensory information from all senses except smell to higher areas * Sensory information hub * Regulates sleeping

Question 57

where is the Wernicke’s area left or right

Answer 57

left