module 3 Flashcards
glial cells
provide support for neurons
neurons
cells that communicate with the brain and body
how do neurons communicate with each other?
Through chemical messages
Which is the main cell triggered by electrical impulses to send chemical messages in the brain?
glial cells
neurons
histones
building blocks
neurons
_________ are cells in the nervous system that provide support function.
glial cells
dendrites
extension of cell body to communicate with other neurons
what are neurotransmitters
chemicals released from the end of an axon
what do the terminal buttons house
vesicles
what is a presynaptic nuerons
the axon terminal that release neurotransmitters during synapse
what is the synapse?
small fluid gap between nuerons into which neuro transmitters are release
what is postsynaptic neurons
site of receptors ready to bind to neurotransmitters usually on denrites
what is the break between myelin sheaths called
nodes of Ranvier
what are agonists?
mimic or enhance neurotransmitters in some way
endogenous
substance produced in body
what is an antagonsit
chemical that come from outside the body that shuts of the receptors
what are oligodendrocytes
cells that wrap myelin insulation around a neuron in CNS
what are Schwann cells?
cells that wrap myelin insulation around a neuron in PNS
what are astrocytes
help give neurons nutrition and maintain balance of charge ions inside and outside
what are microglia
clean and get rid of germs
which glial cell can cause neurodegnerative diseases
dysfunctional astrocytes
Which glial cells fight infections and clean up debris that could lead to dangerous inflammation in the brain? (2 marks)
microglia
astrocytes
Schwann cells
oligodendrocytes
microglia
astrocytes
what are neuron networks
are complex connections between the dendrites and axons of many neurons
what are efferents
axons carrying signals away from CNS
what are afferents
axons carrying signals to the CNS
what does mirror box therapy help with?
neuroplasticity
what is your neocortex
outer layer of your brain, responsible for high level processing of info (concious)
what is your medulla?
closest to spinal cord, responsible for unconscious process such as breathing and heart rate
We can learn to do new things, even as adults, because of the concept of _____
Neuroplasticity (brains ability to adapt respond and grow new pathways)
what is gray matter? white matter?
neurons and glia. bundles of myelinated axons.
why do we say think of a spinal cord injury as a road block?
spinal cord is like an information highway
what is the autonomic system divided into?
sympathetic(go) and parasympathetic(relax)
where is the medulla? functions? what happens without it?
medulla, is the lowest anatomical portion of the brain and the transition point between the brain and the spinal cord. Without the medulla, you could not breathe, your heart would not beat, and you would be incapable of swallowing (which is vital in obtaining nourishment).
info from the spinal cord enters the medulla and is then transferred to the _____ and to higher-order brain functions
pons
what does the pons do?
control facial expressions and movement of the eye, coordinates sense with cerebellum , body’s orientation and regulates left-right coordination.
where is the reticular activating system (RAS located? what does it do?
cell network in pons and medulla responsible for alertness
What are the two intertwined functions that the RAS helps to regulate
(a) our level of arousal (excitement/energy) and (b) the focus of our attention on tasks, people, or objects
what happens with dysfunction in RAS
ADHD
what part of our brain controls our movement in our face?
pons
what is your prefrontal cortex?
network of neurons or glia that are invloved in decision making
what does our limbic system do?
regulate our endocrine systems as well as our emotions and emotional memory
What is included in the lymbic system
prefrontal cortex, the olfactory (smell) cortex, the amygdala, the hippocampus, the cingulate gyrus, and the hypothalamus
what does our amygdala do?
activate our fear response also involved in aggression response and romantic response
-secretes norepinephrine (adrenalin); activates fight or flight
amygdala receives sensory input from ___ of your senses
some
many
none
all
all
what happens if your amygdala is removed
makes animals docile
causes humans to lose emotion and act inappropriately in situations that usually cause emotional response
what happens if you amygdala is overstimulated
common in people with anxiety and phobias
what does the hippocampus do?
responsible for forming new memories
what part of our brain activates when we experience bad stuff both physically (pain) and when being excluded socially.
cingulate gyrus
what is the hypothalamus responsible for?
functions in the autonomic and endocrine systems. It is responsible for regulating hunger responses, sexual behavior, temperature, and aggression.
hypothalamus regulates homeostasis
hypothalamus regulates homeostasis
What does the basal ganglia
help learn movements and coordinate movement patterns
What happens to the leftover
neurotransmitter?
Broken down by
enzymes
-Absorbed back into
the presynaptic
neuron
what happens if there is damage to the basal ganglia
parkinson disease
what is MS (multiple sclerosis)
Autoimmune: immune
system attacks proteins in
myelin
* Myelin becomes inflamed,
swollen, detached,
gradually destroyed
* Nerve impulses shortcircuit
* Can happen in peripheral
or central nerves –
symptoms depend on
where damage is
what does the cerebellum do? damage?
Regulates muscle tone, coordination of movements,
balance
* Integrates sensory and motor pathways
* Damage: ‘drunk’ behaviour
condition that’s caused by cerebellum damage?
Ataxic Cerebral Palsy
Motor disorder: low muscle tone,
poor coordination, balance, fine
motor
* Not inherited, non-progressive,
permanent
* Damage to cerebellum
* Most cases (80%) caused in utero
* Some caused perinatally (injury or
lack of O2) or in first few years of
life
what does the thalamus do?
- Processes and integrates sensory
information from all senses
except smell to higher areas - Sensory information hub
- Regulates sleeping
where is the Wernicke’s area
left or right
left
