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PSY 1101 T > module 3 > Flashcards

module 3 Flashcards

1
Q

glial cells

A

provide support for neurons

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2
Q

neurons

A

cells that communicate with the brain and body

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3
Q

how do neurons communicate with each other?

A

Through chemical messages

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4
Q

Which is the main cell triggered by electrical impulses to send chemical messages in the brain?
glial cells
neurons
histones
building blocks

A

neurons

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5
Q

_________ are cells in the nervous system that provide support function.

A

glial cells

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6
Q

dendrites

A

extension of cell body to communicate with other neurons

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7
Q

what are neurotransmitters

A

chemicals released from the end of an axon

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8
Q

what do the terminal buttons house

A

vesicles

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9
Q

what is a presynaptic nuerons

A

the axon terminal that release neurotransmitters during synapse

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10
Q

what is the synapse?

A

small fluid gap between nuerons into which neuro transmitters are release

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11
Q

what is postsynaptic neurons

A

site of receptors ready to bind to neurotransmitters usually on denrites

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12
Q

what is the break between myelin sheaths called

A

nodes of Ranvier

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13
Q

what are agonists?

A

mimic or enhance neurotransmitters in some way

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14
Q

endogenous

A

substance produced in body

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15
Q

what is an antagonsit

A

chemical that come from outside the body that shuts of the receptors

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16
Q

what are oligodendrocytes

A

cells that wrap myelin insulation around a neuron in CNS

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17
Q

what are Schwann cells?

A

cells that wrap myelin insulation around a neuron in PNS

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18
Q

what are astrocytes

A

help give neurons nutrition and maintain balance of charge ions inside and outside

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19
Q

what are microglia

A

clean and get rid of germs

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20
Q

which glial cell can cause neurodegnerative diseases

A

dysfunctional astrocytes

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21
Q

Which glial cells fight infections and clean up debris that could lead to dangerous inflammation in the brain? (2 marks)
microglia
astrocytes
Schwann cells
oligodendrocytes

A

microglia
astrocytes

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22
Q

what are neuron networks

A

are complex connections between the dendrites and axons of many neurons

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23
Q

what are efferents

A

axons carrying signals away from CNS

24
Q

what are afferents

A

axons carrying signals to the CNS

25
Q

what does mirror box therapy help with?

A

neuroplasticity

26
Q

what is your neocortex

A

outer layer of your brain, responsible for high level processing of info (concious)

27
Q

what is your medulla?

A

closest to spinal cord, responsible for unconscious process such as breathing and heart rate

28
Q

We can learn to do new things, even as adults, because of the concept of _____

A

Neuroplasticity (brains ability to adapt respond and grow new pathways)

29
Q

what is gray matter? white matter?

A

neurons and glia. bundles of myelinated axons.

30
Q

why do we say think of a spinal cord injury as a road block?

A

spinal cord is like an information highway

31
Q

what is the autonomic system divided into?

A

sympathetic(go) and parasympathetic(relax)

32
Q

where is the medulla? functions? what happens without it?

A

medulla, is the lowest anatomical portion of the brain and the transition point between the brain and the spinal cord. Without the medulla, you could not breathe, your heart would not beat, and you would be incapable of swallowing (which is vital in obtaining nourishment).

33
Q

info from the spinal cord enters the medulla and is then transferred to the _____ and to higher-order brain functions

A

pons

34
Q

what does the pons do?

A

control facial expressions and movement of the eye, coordinates sense with cerebellum , body’s orientation and regulates left-right coordination.

35
Q

where is the reticular activating system (RAS located? what does it do?

A

cell network in pons and medulla responsible for alertness

36
Q

What are the two intertwined functions that the RAS helps to regulate

A

(a) our level of arousal (excitement/energy) and (b) the focus of our attention on tasks, people, or objects

37
Q

what happens with dysfunction in RAS

A

ADHD

38
Q

what part of our brain controls our movement in our face?

A

pons

39
Q

what is your prefrontal cortex?

A

network of neurons or glia that are invloved in decision making

40
Q

what does our limbic system do?

A

regulate our endocrine systems as well as our emotions and emotional memory

41
Q

What is included in the lymbic system

A

prefrontal cortex, the olfactory (smell) cortex, the amygdala, the hippocampus, the cingulate gyrus, and the hypothalamus

42
Q

what does our amygdala do?

A

activate our fear response also involved in aggression response and romantic response

-secretes norepinephrine (adrenalin); activates fight or flight

43
Q

amygdala receives sensory input from ___ of your senses
some
many
none
all

A

all

44
Q

what happens if your amygdala is removed

A

makes animals docile

causes humans to lose emotion and act inappropriately in situations that usually cause emotional response

45
Q

what happens if you amygdala is overstimulated

A

common in people with anxiety and phobias

46
Q

what does the hippocampus do?

A

responsible for forming new memories

47
Q

what part of our brain activates when we experience bad stuff both physically (pain) and when being excluded socially.

A

cingulate gyrus

48
Q

what is the hypothalamus responsible for?

A

functions in the autonomic and endocrine systems. It is responsible for regulating hunger responses, sexual behavior, temperature, and aggression.

49
Q

hypothalamus regulates homeostasis

A

hypothalamus regulates homeostasis

50
Q

What does the basal ganglia

A

help learn movements and coordinate movement patterns

51
Q

What happens to the leftover
neurotransmitter?

A

Broken down by
enzymes

-Absorbed back into
the presynaptic
neuron

52
Q

what happens if there is damage to the basal ganglia

A

parkinson disease

53
Q

what is MS (multiple sclerosis)

A

Autoimmune: immune
system attacks proteins in
myelin
* Myelin becomes inflamed,
swollen, detached,
gradually destroyed
* Nerve impulses shortcircuit
* Can happen in peripheral
or central nerves –
symptoms depend on
where damage is

54
Q

what does the cerebellum do? damage?

A

Regulates muscle tone, coordination of movements,
balance
* Integrates sensory and motor pathways
* Damage: ‘drunk’ behaviour

55
Q

condition that’s caused by cerebellum damage?

A

Ataxic Cerebral Palsy
Motor disorder: low muscle tone,
poor coordination, balance, fine
motor
* Not inherited, non-progressive,
permanent
* Damage to cerebellum
* Most cases (80%) caused in utero
* Some caused perinatally (injury or
lack of O2) or in first few years of
life

56
Q

what does the thalamus do?

A
  • Processes and integrates sensory
    information from all senses
    except smell to higher areas
  • Sensory information hub
  • Regulates sleeping
57
Q

where is the Wernicke’s area
left or right

A

left

PSY 1101 T (9 decks)

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