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Music 1140 Popular Music > Module 3 > Flashcards

Module 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Carnival

A
  • A festival that precedes the period of Lent in the Roman Church
  • A secular event is considered a “farewell” celebration to such pleasures
  • Festivities therefor include indulgences in music, dance, food, drink, and other revelry
  • Although Carnival is celebrated today in many countries, the event is a critical cultural component of Trinidad’s musical development
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2
Q

Calypso

A
  • The latter refers to the variety of steel drums, made from 55 gallon oil barrels
  • Hallmark of Caribbean music
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3
Q

Steelpan (Steel Drum)

A

-Developed during the mid-twentieth century in Trinidad and Tobago

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4
Q

Calypso

A
  • Can be traced to the call-and-response-form singing to African-descended slaves in Trinidad
  • The leader known as the CHANTWELL became an important means of disseminating local new and entertainment revelers during Carnival celebrations after 1834
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5
Q

Chantwell (Song leader)

A

-Frequently challenged each other in song duels to the accompaniment of stick band or small brass band
-Their style was witticism and improvisational rhythm
~Similar to freestyle rap battles

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6
Q

Calypso

A

-Derives from a West African exclamation “Kaiso!” (Go on) to encourage the chantwell singers

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7
Q

Rafael “Growling Tiger” de Leon and Raymond “Attila the Hun” Quevedo

A

-Traveled to New York to record some of the earliest standards pf calypso music
~Ugly Woman (1934)
~Fire Brigade (1934)

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8
Q

Rupert Grant

A

-Used Rum and Coca-Cola as the central idea in the song to comment on the “American social invasion”
~Rum and Coca-Cola (1943)

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9
Q

Calypso instruments

A
  • Is ever-changing by keeping up with the trends
  • In “Rum and Coca-Cola” instruments reflect the WWII era (1940s)
  • Electrical instruments became popular in the 1950s with the rock era
  • The pan (steel drum) was not part of Caribbean music until 1946
  • The clarinet took off when Jazz style swing era
  • Percussion instruments were minimal (originally from West Africa and found frequently in Caribbean music genres)
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10
Q

Calypso (Male-dominate genre)

A
  • Women vocalists were rarely heard until the 1980s
  • Lyrical content is the primary focus with vocal delivery following a melodic line
  • Often deals with serious social subjects, but presents them in a satirical way
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11
Q

Harry Belafonte

A

-The first full-length recording calypso by a single artist to sell more tan one million copies
-Not a calypso singer himself, but evoked the romantic spirt of the Caribbean isles with folk songs
~Brown Skin Girl
~Jamaica Farewell
~Day-O (The Banana Boat Song)
-Many folk-inspired artists were attracted to the music, which sprung a host of enthusiasts

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12
Q

Soca (soul-calypso)

A
  • Persistent drum machine rhythms, electrical synthesizers, and funky bass line became the central focus
  • The vocalist’s male role was to provide a melodic hook to instigate themes about partying, dancing, and casual love affairs
  • Emerged as the dominant music of Carnival Season
  • In 1968 “Hot, Hot , Hot” became the unofficial national anthem for Trinidad during the FIFA World Cup
  • Thrives because of the performer’s ability to keep up with contemporary trends in popular music
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13
Q

Calypso to Soca

A
  • As Soca music evolved from Calypso, it varied by way of distinct rhythms, less-nuanced lyrics, and increased tempo
  • Early soca was performed at a relatively modern speed compared to modern soca
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14
Q

Two Styles of Soca

A
  • Power

- Groovy

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15
Q

Soca Power

A

-For those undeterred by lighting-fast, “jump-up” tempo

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16
Q

Soca Groovy

A

-For those who felt the super-quick tempo was un-danceable

17
Q

Mento

A
  • Classic (root) reggae to much of today’s hip-hop ragga-dancehall bands from the island
  • Reggae’s roots are found in the Jamaican rural folk genre
  • Like calypso, this style focuses on witty, often bawdy, lyrical content and an ad hoc collection of acoustic instruments, normally banjo, small hand drums (bongos), and a bass lamellophone (rumba box)
  • A bamboo saxophone, fife, or homemade flute is sometimes included
  • Recording sometimes refereed as “Jamaican calypso” or “Jamaican folk song”
18
Q

Akonting

A

-The banjo is derived from West African plucked lutes

19
Q

Ska

A
  • A dance-oriented popular style with repetitive themes and improvisational solos that became popular in Jamaica during the 1960s
  • Characteristically faster than either mento or reggae and has a regular “walking” bass line, sounding on every beat
20
Q

Rock Steady

A

-Due to the exclusion of vocals in ska this gave DJs the opportunity in dancehalls to ad-lib vocal improvisations (toasts)
-The immediate predecessor to reggae were collectively known as “rude boys”
-Became the musical outlet for the rude boys to express their civil discontent and rebel image
-Recording artists such as Alton Ellis incorporated lyrics that reflect the rude-by values
~Sharp suits and a “rude” (Jamaican slang for “cool” or “hip”) attitude
-Musical qualities also shifted to emphasize a more relaxed rhythm and streamlined instrumental
-Like Ska, the skank syncopation sounded on every pulse, the tempo of rock steady slowed to a walking pace that made it easier to “groove”

21
Q

Jimmy Cliff

A
  • Ska and rock steady/reggae performer, in the lead role of “The Harder They Come” as an aspiring musician who falls into a life of crime
  • Also performed the title track and contributed several songs to the soundtrack
22
Q

Eric Clapton

A

-Made “I Shot the Sheriff” cover gave Bob Marley the boost he needed to take off

23
Q

Robert “Bob” Marley

A

-Was born in a small Jamaican town
-His father was a former British soldier and died when Robert was ten
-Marley quit school at 14 and began to frequently record songs for studios and dancehalls
-During the so-called classic period of reggae (1969-1987) is infused with spiritual ideals, linguistics idiosyncrasies, and social markers
~Dreadlocks
*Identified with the Rastafari religious movement
-Marley’s solo works were influenced by American R&B

24
Q

Reggae

A
  • One of the most distinctive features of Jamaican popular music
  • Regular use of the syncopated rhythm (skank), which emphasizes the upbeat, or off-beats, of a four-beat measure
25
Q

Reggae Lyrics

A

-Often include Rastafari references. These idioms reflect not only the religion’s beliefs but also the anti-oppressor sentiment that is fundamental to the faith

26
Q

Rasts

A

-A reference to followers of the Rasafari movement

27
Q

Dreadlocks

A

-A hairstyle characterized by long locks of braided hair, commonly worn by Rastafarians and reggae enthusiasts

28
Q

Jah (Yah)

A

-A reference to God, shortened from Hebrew terms Jehovah or Yahweh

29
Q

Babylon

A

-A label applied to governments and institutions that Rastafari adherents consider decadent and oppressive

30
Q

Ganja

A

-Refers to marijuana, which is often used in Rastafari rituals as a means of heightening spiritual awareness

31
Q

Zion

A

-A biblical reference to Ethiopia/Africa as the spiritual home of Rastafari adherents and all African-descended population

32
Q

I (I and I)

A

-Rastafari adherents substitute “I” for “me” and “I and I” for “we” to indicate the belief that all humans are spiritually united and one with Jah (God)

33
Q

Armagiddyon (Armageddon)

A

-A biblical reference to the end of the world, which Rastafari adherents accept as the current state of the planet, especially since 1974, when Haile Selassie I was deposed as king of Ethiopia

34
Q

H.I.M (His Imperial Majesty)

A

-Pronounced “him,” refers to Haile Selassie I, whom Rastafari adherents accept as the second incarnation of Jesus Christ, that is, the Messiah

35
Q

Dub

A

-Know as doubles
~Dubs usually appear on the B-side of a reggae record
-DJs would record alternate versions of reggae song to help with “toasting”
-Reggae rhythm (Riddim) had no vocals to help DJs with “toasting”
~DJs would often blast them from sound systems mounted on trucks and ad-lib along to advertise an upcoming event or to promote a product or politician
*Lead to hip-hop

36
Q

Toasting after Bob Marley’s Death

A

-DJs were less concern with making a social statement and more interested in entertainment
-Topics charged to
~Partying
~Violence
~Casual sex

37
Q

Regga-Dancehall

A

-Creates a danceable beat that uses slang to help indicate a younger audience
-Roots of reggae and earlier established Jamaican popular music genres
~Which lead to some of the more popular styles of music we hear in the 21st century like hip-hop

Music 1140 Popular Music (8 decks)

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