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NHA > Module 2A: Body Structures and Organ Systems > Flashcards

Module 2A: Body Structures and Organ Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Description: Selectively permeable membrane (allows only certain substances through) made of phospholipids and proteins surrounding the entire cell

Function:
- Separates the internal components of the cell from the surrounding environment
- Essential to the life of the cell

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2
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Description: Gel-like fluid filling the inside of the cell that is comprised primarily of water, with electrolytes, metabolic waste products, and nutrients dissolved within it

Function:
- Contains many suspended organelles, or cell structures
- Medium for chemical reactions

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3
Q

Nucleus

A

Description: Large, spherical body near the center of the cell containing genetic material in the form of DNA

Function:
- Control center of the cell
- Regulates cell activity
- Houses genetic material

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4
Q

Nuclear membrane

A

Description: Double-layered, porous membrane surrounding the nucleus

Function: Protects the nucleus, allowing in only specific materials

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5
Q

Nucleolus

A

Description: Dark, dense body within the nucleus without an enclosing membrane; most cells contain one to four

Function: Forms RNA and ribosomes

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6
Q

Mitochondria

A

Description: Elongated, rod-shaped bodies filled with fluid, containing DNA; Known as the “power plant” of the cell

Function: Convert nutrients into energy for use by the cell/body; create adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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7
Q

Ribosomes

A

Description: Small granules of RNA found in the nucleolus or cytoplasm

Function: Protein synthesis for both internal and external use

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8
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Description:
- Complex connection of membranous fluid-filled, flat sacs and tubular channels
- Connects the cell membrane to the nucleus membrane, as well as some organelles
- Comprised of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

Function:
- Transports materials throughout the cell
- RER: Supports the synthesis and transport of proteins
- SER: Supports the synthesis of some lipid molecules, including steroids

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9
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Description: Four to six flat membranous sacs, connected to the endoplasmic reticulum; typically found near the nucleus

Function:
- “Packaging and shipping plant” of the cell
- Packages and releases materials secreted by the cell for external use
- Forms lysosomes for sure within the cell

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10
Q

Lysosomes

A

Description: Sacs surrounded by membranes created by the Golgi apparatus

Function: Digest waste materials including damaged materials found in the cell, old cell components, and materials entering the cell

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11
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Description: Comprised of protein microfilaments and microtubules

Function:
- Maintains the shape and structure of the cell
- Keeps organelles in place and moves them throughout the cell as needed

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12
Q

Centrioles

A

Description: Pair of rod-shaped bodies made of microtubules found near the nucleus

Function: Participate in cell reproduction through the distribution of DNA to new cells

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13
Q

Cilia

A

Description: Short, hair-like microtubules projecting from the cell membrane

Function: Aid in the movement of substances along the surface of the cell

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14
Q

Flagella

A

Description: Long, hair-like microtubules, projecting from the cell membrane

Function: Move the cell itself, through a whip-like motion

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15
Q

Planes of the Body

A

Sagittal plane: Divides the body into left and right sides. Midsagittal refers to an equal division of left and right sides, running along the midline of the body.

Transverse plane: Divides the body into upper and lower sections, not necessarily equally​​​​​​​

Frontal plane: Also called coronal plane, divides the body into anterior and posterior sections

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16
Q

Body Cavities

A

Cranial cavity
Spinal cavity
Thoracic cavity
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity

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17
Q

Cranial Cavity

A

Within the skull; houses the meninges (brain)

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18
Q

Spinal Cavity

A

Traveling down the midline of the back and formed by the vertebrae, this contains the spinal cord

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19
Q

Thoracic Cavity

A

Within the chest; houses the lungs, heart, and major vessels

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20
Q

Abdominal Cavity

A

Within the abdomen; houses several major organs such as the stomach, liver, gallbladder, and intestines

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21
Q

Pelvic Cavity

A

Inferior to the abdominal cavity; houses the bladder and reproductive organs

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22
Q

Abdominal Quadrants

A

Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)
Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)
Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)
Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

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23
Q

Abdominal Regions

A

Right Hypochondriac Region
Epigastric Region
Left Hypochondriac Region
Right Lumbar Region
Umbilical Region
Left Lumbar Region
Right Iliac Region
Left Iliac Region

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24
Q

Homeostasis

A

State in which the body’s systems and biological processes maintain stability.

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25
Q

Integumentary System

A

The following make up the integumentary system:

Skin (Epidermis layer, Dermis layer, Subcutaneous layer)
Hair follicles
Sebaceous (oil) glands
Fingernails and toenails
Sudoriferous (sweat) glands

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26
Q

Largest organ of the body

A

skin

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27
Q

Integumentary system accessory organs

A

hair, nails, and glands

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28
Q

Skin

A

Responsible for protection, temperature regulation, sensation, excretion, and vitamin D production

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29
Q

Layers of skin

A

Epidermis layer: Outermost layer of epithelial tissue, covers the external surface of the body

Dermis layer: Thick layer beneath the epidermis that contains arteries, veins, nerves

Subcutaneous layer: Loose, connective tissue composed of adipose tissue and lipocytes

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30
Q

Hair follicles

A

Generate hair

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31
Q

Sebaceous (oil) glands

A

Produce sebum to keep skin and hair soft and prevent bacteria from growing on the skin

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32
Q

Fingernails and toenails

A

Protect the ends of fingers and toes

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33
Q

Sudoriferous (sweat) glands

A

Produce sweat to aid in cooling the body

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34
Q

Skin Functions

A

Protection: The skin is the body’s first defense against illness and injury. It also protects the body’s internal structures from dehydration and UV exposure.

Temperature regulation: The skin plays a significant role in the body’s ability to maintain and regulate its temperature. When a person is hot or cold, superficial blood vessels in the skin dilate or constrict to control the flow of blood to the surface of the skin, aiding in warming or cooling.

Excretion: Perspiring aids in cooling the body but also results in the loss of water and minerals.

Sensation: The skin is loaded with nerve receptors to detect sensations (heat, cold, pain).​​​​​​​

Vitamin D production: The body needs vitamin D to absorb calcium, which is needed for bone strength. Vitamin D comes from sun exposure to the skin.

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35
Q

Skeletal System

A

The skeletal system includes the following:

Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
Ligament
Tendons
Connective Tissue/Cartilage

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36
Q

Skeletal System Functions

A
  • structure and posture
  • protection of the soft internal organs from injury
  • serves as an attachment point for muscles in the body (This symbiotic relationship between bones and muscles often results in the systems being referenced as one- the musculoskeletal system).
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37
Q

Long Bones

A

These bones have epiphysis, diaphysis, and medullary cavity containing yellow bone marrow. The ends of long bones are covered by articular cartilage to allow joint movement without causing friction.

Examples: femur, humerus, tibia, fibula, ulna, radius

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38
Q

Short Bones

A

These are found in the wrists and ankles. Short bones are typically small and round.

Examples: carpals, tarsals

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39
Q

Flat Bones

A

The majority of surface area of these bones are flat or slightly curved.

Examples: skull, ribs

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40
Q

Irregular Bones

A

These include bones with an unusual shape that is typically related to its function.

Examples: vertebrae, pelvis

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41
Q

Sesamoid Bones

A

These small, round bones are found in joints that are held in place by tendons.

Example: patella

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42
Q

Red Bone Marrow

A

Found within bones, marrow is responsible for producing new blood cells. This process is known as hematopoiesis. Bones also store calcium, which is essential for proper cell function.

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43
Q

Appendicular Skeleton Bones

A

Upper extremities
- Scapula
- Clavicle
- Humerus
- Radius
- Ulna
- Carpals
- Metacarpals
- Phalanges

Lower extremities
- Pelvic girdle
- Femur
- Patella
- Tibia
- Fibula
- Tarsals
- Metatarsals​​​​​​​
- Phalanges

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44
Q

Axial Skeleton Bones

A
  • Skull
  • Cervical vertebrae
  • Thoracic vertebrae
  • Lumbar vertebrae
  • Sacrum
  • Coccyx​​​​​​​
  • Ribs
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45
Q

Muscular System

A

The muscular system is made up of the following:

  • Skeletal muscle
  • Smooth muscle
  • Cardiac muscle
  • Tendons
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46
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

Responsible for body movement; also called voluntary muscle or striated muscle

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47
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

Found within the walls of hollow organs and blood vessels and in the iris of the eye; also called involuntary muscle

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48
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

Found only in the heart; cross-fibered to allow the heart to contract from the top and bottom to pump blood

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49
Q

Tendons

A

Ends of skeletal muscles that attach the muscle to a bone

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50
Q

Muscle System Functions

A
  • movement, both voluntary (like walking) and involuntary (like digestion)
  • cardiac muscle is made of specialized fibers that allow it to function as a pump
  • muscles and skeleton work together to provide posture, movement, and other essential body functions.
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51
Q

Lymphatic System

A

The lymphatic system includes the following:

  • Lymph nodes
  • Lymph nodules
  • Thymus
  • Spleen
  • Interstitial fluid
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52
Q

Lymph Nodes

A

Small, glandular structures concentrated in the neck, axilla, and groin that produce and store lymphocytes. Lymph nodes are home to macrophages that filter lymph.

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53
Q

Lymph Nodules

A

Masses of lymphoid tissue comprised of macrophages and lymphocytes. Lymph nodules are not encapsulated like lymph nodes.

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54
Q

Thymus

A

Located posterior to the sternum. The thymus is large in children and atrophies (shrinks) after adolescence. It is responsible for the production and maturation of T-cells.

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55
Q

Spleen

A

Largest lymphoid organ, located in the upper-left quadrant of the abdomen. It is home to macrophages that filter the blood.

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56
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

Tissue fluid found between cells. Once collected and filtered, it is called lymph

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57
Q

Immune System

A

The immune system relies on the lymphatic system to prevent infections in the body.

When a pathogen is detected, the lymphatic system begins activating the body’s defenses. A major component of these defenses are B-cells and T-cells.

*Creating immunity, or the ability to resist pathogens, is an essential function of the immune system. People are born with some immunity and develop more over time.

The immune system includes the following:
- Antigen
- Antibody
- Immunoglobulins: Antibodies
- B-cells
- T-cells
- Monocytes

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58
Q

Antigen

A

Foreign substance within the body

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59
Q

Antibody

A

Protein the body creates in response to specific antigens

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60
Q

Immunoglobulins

A

Antibodies

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61
Q

B-cells

A

Type of lymphocyte that can recognize antigens and responds by turning into plasma cells; these plasma cells then create antibodies against specific antigens

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62
Q

T-cells

A

Type of lymphocyte that can recognize antigens and attaches to them to attack the invading cells directly

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63
Q

Monocytes

A

Engulf and destroy pathogens that have been coagulated with antibodies

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64
Q

Types of Primary Immunity

A
  • Naturally acquired active immunity: This occurs when a person has an infectious disease and then develops antibodies against the pathogen that caused the disease. The antibodies have a memory that prevents future infections by the same pathogen.
  • Artificially acquired active immunity: This type of immunity is the result of administering a vaccination. The antibodies are activated by the vaccine and develop memory to recognize the pathogen in the future.
  • Naturally acquired passive immunity: This is a short-lasting immunity transferred through the placenta and breast milk.​​​​​​​
  • Artificially acquired passive immunity: Also a short-lasting immunity, this is created by giving an exposed person antibodies containing blood products, as in an immune globulin.
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65
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

The cardiovascular system is made up of the following:

  • Heart
  • Artery/Arteriole
  • Vein/Venule
  • Capillary
  • Endocardium
  • Myocardium
  • Pericardium
66
Q

Heart

A

Located within the central part of the chest (mediastinum) and functions as a pump to move blood throughout the body

67
Q

Artery/Arteriole

A

Thick-walled vessels that carry blood away from the heart. They propel blood with each contraction of the heart and are associated with various pulse points on the body. Smaller branches are arterioles.

68
Q

Vein/Venule

A

Vessels that carry blood toward the heart. They are thinner-walled than arteries and contain valves to prevent backflow. Smaller branches are venules.

69
Q

Capillary

A

The smallest blood vessels, which connect arterioles to venules. They aid in the exchange of oxygen and nutrients between blood and body cells.

70
Q

Layers of the Heart

A

Endocardium: Innermost layer of cells that lines the atria, ventricles, and heart valves (which is part of the electrical conduction system)

Myocardium: Muscular layer of the heart (thickest layer)

Pericardium: Outermost layer of the heart; a membrane that surrounds the heart and secretes pericardial fluid

71
Q

Cardiovascular System Functions

A

The structures of the cardiovascular system work together to pump blood throughout the body. Blood carries essential oxygen and nutrients to cells and aids in eliminating cell waste. Blood travels to the heart to be pumped to the lungs for oxygen and then back to the heart to travel to the rest of the body.

72
Q

Average Adult BPM

A

The average adult heart beats 60 to 80 times per minute while at rest.

73
Q

Chambers of the Heart

A

TOP Chambers: right and left atria

BOTTOM Chambers: right and left ventricles

74
Q

Right Atria Function

A

Receives deoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior vena cava.

75
Q

Left Atria Function

A

Receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins (the only veins in the body that carry oxygenated blood)

76
Q

Right Ventricle Function

A

Receives blood from the right atrium and sends deoxygenated blood through the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary artery and then to the lungs, where gas exchange occurs

77
Q

Left Ventricle Function

A

Receives blood from the left atrium and sends the oxygenated blood through the aortic valve to the aorta, which then branches off into smaller arteries that carry the blood to the body

78
Q

What is the valve between right atrium and right ventricle?

A

tricuspid valve

79
Q

What is the valve between left atrium and left ventricle?

A

bicuspid (mitral) valve

80
Q

Valve Function

A

To prevent the backflow of blood into the atria when the ventricles contract

81
Q

Blood Circulation Pathways

A

systemic and pulmonary circulation

82
Q

Systemic circulation

A

consists of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins in the body as a whole.

83
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

consists of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins going to, within, and coming from the lungs.

84
Q

Electrical Conduction System

A

The heart contains its own electrical conduction system to keep the cardiac muscle contracting and blood flowing. This electricity can be mapped and analyzed to detect heart issues using an electrocardiogram (EKG).

85
Q

Sinoatrial (SA) Node

A

The electrical impulse is generated by the sinoatrial (SA) node, also called the pacemaker of the heart.

86
Q

Cardiac Cycle

A

The electrical impulse is generated by the sinoatrial (SA) node.

From the SA node, the impulse travels to the atrioventricular node, also called the gatekeeper.

From there, the impulse travels to the bundle of His and through the bundle branches located in the ventricular septum.

Finally, the electrical impulse reaches the Purkinje fibers. These fibers cause the ventricles to contract and pump blood into the pulmonary artery and aorta.

This entire process is the cardiac cycle.

87
Q

Urinary System

A

The urinary system consists of the following:

  • Kidneys
  • Ureters
  • Urinary bladder
  • Urethra
88
Q

Kidneys

A

Located on either side of the vertebral column at the level of the top lumbar vertebrae, the kidneys are responsible for removing waste from the blood and producing urine.

89
Q

Ureters

A

These long tubes are responsible for carrying urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.

90
Q

Urinary Bladder

A

This small muscular sac located within the pelvic cavity is responsible for storing urine.

91
Q

Urethra

A

This tube is responsible for carrying urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body and is longer in males due to pelvic shape and position of the prostate.

The urinary meatus is located at the end of the urethra where urine exits the body

92
Q

Urinary System Function

A

Primarily responsible for filtering blood to remove waste products.

This waste is then prepared for elimination by combining with water to form urine. Urine is produced in the kidneys and then stored in the urinary bladder to await elimination.

93
Q

Gastrointestinal System

A

The gastrointestinal system is also known as the gastrointestinal tract. It begins with the mouth, or oral cavity. The following are part of the gastrointestinal system.

  • Mouth (oral cavity)
  • Pharynx
  • Esophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small intestine (Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum)
  • Large intestine (Cecum, Ascending colon, Transverse colon, Descending colon, Sigmoid colon)
  • Rectum
  • Anus
  • Liver
  • Gall bladder
  • Pancreas

The primary organs of the digestive system collectively make up the alimentary canal (the passage in which food passes through the body from the mouth to anus.)

There are also accessory organs of the digestive system that aid in various digestive functions.

94
Q

Mouth (oral cavity)

A

This is responsible for initiating digestion, both mechanical (chewing) and chemical (saliva).

95
Q

Pharynx

A

This includes the throat (the passageway for food between the oral cavity) and the esophagus (also part of the respiratory system).

96
Q

Esophagus

A

This muscular tube connects the mouth to the stomach. It uses wave-like contractions called peristalsis to propel food into the stomach.

97
Q

Stomach

A

Located below the diaphragm in the left upper quadrant (LUQ) of the abdominal cavity, the stomach receives food from the esophagus and continues breakdown using gastric juices. It then propels food to the small intestine. The stomach lining contains folds called rugae, allowing expansion.

98
Q

Small intestine

A

This organ takes up most of the space within the abdominal cavity and is primarily responsible for absorption of nutrients. It is divided into the following sections.
- Duodenum
- Jejunum
- Ileum

99
Q

Large intestine

A

Also called the colon, the large intestine completes absorption and forms feces from solid waste products. It is divided into the following sections.
- Cecum, which connects to the ileum, where the appendix is located
- Ascending colon
- Transverse colon
- Descending colon
- Sigmoid colon

100
Q

Rectum

A

This is the end of the colon that stores feces until defecation.

101
Q

Anus

A

This is the end of the rectum, which opens to the outside of the body to allow for elimination of feces.

102
Q

Liver

A

This large organ is located in the right upper quadrant (RUQ) of the abdomen. It produces bile needed to break down fats.

103
Q

Gall bladder

A

Located inferior to the liver, the gall bladder stores bile and connects to the duodenum.

104
Q

Pancreas

A

Posterior to the stomach and connected to duodenum, the pancreas produces enzymes that aid with digestion

105
Q

Gastrointestinal System Function

A

Digestion

  • Digestion plays a vital role in the body’s ability to maintain homeostasis.
  • Water and nutrients are essential for proper function of body systems, as well as organ, tissue, and cellular function.
106
Q

Respiratory System

A

The following are part of the respiratory system:

  • Nose
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Lungs
107
Q

Nose

A

The nose is made of bones, cartilage, and skin. It contains small hairs called cilia to prevent large particles from entering.

108
Q

Pharynx

A

During respiration, air enters through the nose and mouth into the pharynx. The pharynx is also part of the digestive system.

109
Q

Larynx

A

Superior to the trachea, the larynx produces a person’s voice.

110
Q

Trachea

A

Also called the windpipe, the trachea extends from the larynx and branches into bronchi. It is lined with cilia.

111
Q

Lungs

A

These two cone-shaped organs are located in the chest. The lungs contain bronchi, alveoli, and many blood vessels. The right lung is larger and divided into three lobes. The left lung has two lobes. Both lungs are surrounded by a membrane called pleura.

112
Q

Respiratory System Functions

A

moving air into and out of the lungs, called respiration or breathing

113
Q

How do the respiratory and cardiovascular systems work together?

A

The respiratory and cardiovascular systems work together to help deliver oxygen to the body via the blood and eliminate carbon dioxide.

114
Q

External Respiration

A

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide within the lungs is external respiration

115
Q

Internal Respiration

A

The exchange within the hemoglobin of a red blood cell is internal respiration.

116
Q

Nervous System

A

The nervous system controls all other body systems and is divided into two main sections—the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS).

The nervous system contains the following:

  • Brain
  • Spinal cord
  • Peripheral nerves
  • Neuron
  • Dendrites
  • Nucleus
  • Cytoplasm
  • Axon
117
Q

Brain

A

The brain coordinates most body activities and is the control center for the body as well as thought, emotion, and judgment. It is divided into four lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal.

118
Q

Spinal cord

A

The spinal cord provides a pathway for nerve impulses travelling to and from the brain and extends from the base of the brain to the lumbar vertebrae through the vertebral column.

119
Q

Peripheral nerves

A

The peripheral nerves include 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves branching off from the spinal cord. They carry nerve signals between the body and the brain.

120
Q

Neuron

A

The neuron is the functional unit of the nervous system

*generates an electrical impulse when stimulated

121
Q

Dendrites

A

The dendrites have multiple branching structures.

122
Q

Nucleus

A

The nucleus directs cellular activities.

123
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The cytoplasm produces neurotransmitters and energy for the neuron.

124
Q

Axon

A

The axon stores neurotransmitters.

125
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Comprised of the brain and spinal cord

126
Q

Peripheral nNervous System (PNS)

A

Comprised of the peripheral nerves found throughout the body

The PNS is broken down further into two separate branches—the somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system.

127
Q

Afferent Nerve Cells

A

(aka called neurons) carry information about the body’s environment to the CNS

128
Q

Efferent neurons

A

carry responses from the CNS to the body to initiate action

129
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Branch of the PNS that controls the body’s voluntary (skeletal) muscles

130
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Branch of the PNS that controls the body’s automatic functions like breathing and digestion

broken down into 2 branches: The sympathetic branch controls the “fight or flight” response to stress. The parasympathetic branch returns the body to resting state after stress has been resolved and is responsible for maintaining homeostasis.

131
Q

Sympathetic Branch

A

Branch of the autonomic nervous system that controls the “fight or flight” response to stress

132
Q

Parasympathetic branch

A

Branch of the autonomic nervous system that returns the body to resting state after stress has been resolved and is responsible for maintaining homeostasis.

133
Q

Endocrine System

A

The endocrine system is made of organs and glands that produce, store, and release hormones.

The endocrine system contains the following:
- hypothalamus
- pineal
- pituitary
- thymus
- adrenal
- pancreas
- thyroid
- parathyroid
- testes/ovaries

Two types of glands within the system:
1. exocrine
2. endocrine

134
Q

Hormones

A

Chemicals used by the body to increase or decrease activity of the hormone’s specific target cells.

This aids the body in maintaining homeostasis.

135
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

release hormones into a duct for delivery to the target cells

136
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

release hormones directly into the blood stream.

137
Q

Reproductive Systems Fucntion

A

The male and female reproductive systems work together to achieve fertilization and produce offspring.

138
Q

Male Reproductive Organs

A
139
Q

Female Reproductive Organs

A
140
Q

Testes

A

Produce sperm and testosterone; located below the pelvic cavity on the outside of the body, within the scrotum

141
Q

Scrotum

A

A pouch of skin that houses the testes

142
Q

Penis

A

External cylinder-shaped organ that moves urine and semen out of the body

143
Q

Epididymis

A

Coiled tube located superior to each testis; responsible for maturation of sperm cells

144
Q

Vas deferens

A

Connects the epididymis to the urethra

145
Q

Seminal vesicles

A

Sac-like organs that secrete seminal fluid that stimulate muscle contractions in the female reproductive organs to aid in propelling sperm forward

146
Q

Prostate gland

A

Surrounds the proximal urethra; contracts during ejaculation to aid in forward movement of sperm; secretes fluid that protects sperm within the vagina

147
Q

Bulbourethral glands (Cowper’s glands)

A

Inferior to the prostate gland; secrete fluid to lubricate the end of the penis to prepare for intercourse

148
Q

Androgens

A

Group of male sex hormones

149
Q

Testosterone

A

Most abundant and biologically active of male sex hormones

150
Q

Ovaries

A

Pair of oval-shaped organs located within the pelvic cavity; produce ova, estrogen, and progesterone

151
Q

Fallopian tubes

A

Muscular tubes with proximal opening near each ovary; connect distally to uterus; receive egg during ovulation

152
Q

Uterus

A

Hollow muscular organ, lies low in pelvic cavity; receives fertilized egg, which implants into uterine wall for fetal development. If no egg has implanted into the uterine wall, the uterine lining sloughs off, causing menstruation. The lower portion of the uterus is the cervix, which creates a barrier between the uterus and vagina and dilates during childbirth.

153
Q

Vagina

A

Muscular tube extending from the uterus to the outside of the body; expands during intercourse and childbirth

154
Q

Labia majora

A

Folds of skin and adipose tissue that protect other external genitalia

155
Q

Labia minora

A

Folds of skin within the labia majora, pinkish in color due to high blood circulation; form a hood over the clitoris

156
Q

Clitoris

A

Highly sensitive erectile tissue located anterior to the urethra

157
Q

Perineum

A

Area between the vagina and anus

158
Q

Estrogen

A

Group of sex hormones

159
Q

Progesterone

A

Hormone secreted by ovaries

160
Q

Estradiol

A

Most abundant and biologically active female hormone

161
Q

Female Reproductive Cycle

A

Refers to a monthly fluctuation of hormones that aids in reproduction and prepares the uterus for carrying a child. When fertilization does not occur, menstruation takes place, and the process begins again.

162
Q

Primary systems responsible for maintaining homeostasis

A

nervous system and endocrine system

*all systems play a role

NHA (17 decks)

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