Module 2A Flashcards
what are the factors that influence the survival of living organisms
abiotic factors
water, fire, wind, gas, pH, salts
protein producing factories of cells
ribosomes
what is the barrier between the living cell and the outside environment
cell membrane
what is the key characteristic of life
having cellular structure
what are the 3 things that cell contains
DNA, cell membrane, ribosomes
what are the 2 chemically related substances in which hereditary info is coded
DNA and RNA
WHAT ARE THE 4 GENETIC LETTERS IN DNA
A T G C
Adenine
thymine
guanine
cytosine
what is the mean to store genetic info
DNA
what replaces thymine(T) in RNA
Uracil (U)
who have cell wall
plants and fungi
what is the blueprint of life
DNA in the cells of all living things
how does new things evolve
by changes in DNA
sharing a common ancestor is _______- of life
UNITY
_______ of life is the phylogenetic(EVOLUTIONARY) RELATIONSHIP OF THE organisms
tree
how does biological evolution occurs and what are the reasons behind it?
MUTATIONS
sequence of DNA molecules can 1.change by mistake in DNA replication
2. effects of environmental agents
how does life adapts
through EVOLUTION
WHAT IS THE REASON BEHIND POSSIBILITY OF EVOLUTION
INTRASPECIFIC VARIATION
HOW DOES POPULATION CHANGE OVER THE COURSE OF MANY GENERATIONS
BECAUSE EVOLUTION HAPPENS IN POPULATION RATHER THAN INDIVIDUALS
WHAT CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE ARE CHANGED DURING EVOLUTION
PHYSICAL
CHEMICAL
BEHAVIOURAL
BENEFITS OF EVOLUTION?
IT PROMOTES SURVIVAL RATE AND REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS
DEFINE POLYMORPHISM
GIVE EXAMPLE
MORPHS OF A SINGLE SPECIES
EX. Dalmatian wall lizard, several colour morphs in males
how are cells produced
by division of pre existing cells
what is the chemical unity of cells
cells having basically the same chemical composition
_______% of the body mass of plants and _____% of the body mass of mammals are composed of water
80-90% plants
50-60% of mammals
what are the 4 vital elements that comprise the bodies of organisms
oxygen
hydrogen
carbon
nitrogen
_______ is the vital element in all proteins
nitrogen
name the vital elements that comprise of the 2% of body mass
calcium
phosphorus
chlorine
sodium
potassium
magnesium
sulphur
______ and _______ are the components of skeletons and shells of animals
calcium (Ca)
phosphorus (p)
WHICH VITAL ELEMENT IS VERY IMP FOR ACTION POTENTIAL, NERVE STIMULI
SODIUM
WHICH VITAL ELEMENTS ARE THE KEY REGULATORS OF WATER MOVEMENT AND ELECTRICAL CURRENT ACROSS THE SURFACE OF MANY CELLS
SODIUM
POTASSIUM
All living organisms require __________ elements which compromise of <0,01% of body mass
trace elements
name some trace elements
chromium
cobalt
copper
fluorine
iodine
iron
manganese
selenium
which trace element is useful for animals like bear and toxic for plants
aluminium
in bears-possible co factor for chemical reactions in animals, toxic in plants
______ contain nitrogen atom In their structure
proteins and nucleic acids
________ are the highly specialized micro mules in living organisms, name them
biomolecules
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
which is the most abundant macromolecule
proteins
_______ are not found in inanimate matter, if yes only 1-2 not all together.
give example
BIOMOLECULES
ex virus have protein coat and nucleic acids
what is the building block of complex organisms
CELLS
________ of life is levels of biological organization
hierarchy
what is hierarchy of life
atoms and elements
molecules and macromolecules
cells
tissues
organ
organ system
organism
species
population
community
ecosystem
biosphere
define population
localized group of individuals of the SAME SPECIES that can interbred and produce fertile offspring
DEFINE COMMUNITY
all organism (assemblage of populations of diff species) that live in a particular area
define ecosystem
all organisms in a specific area as well as the abiotic factors
can have one or more community+ physical environment
define biosphere
the sum of all ecosystems
on what basis can all forms of life be divides
bases on their cellular structure i.e. multicellular-unicellular
OUT OF ALL THE R.O ORGANISMS WHICH ONE ARE UNICELLULAR?
YOGHURT BACTERIUM(bifidobacteria)
DEAD SEA BACTERIUM(halo bacteria)
green alga
amoeba
paramecium
what is the cellular structure of green alga give examples?
can be either unicellular or multicellular
unicellular- micrasterias, green alga, volvox
multicellular- common filamentous alga, brown alga( ficus)
which is the smallest known bacteria
mycoplasma genitalium
10e-7 mm
protists are _____ than bacteria in size?
larger
0.8-100’s µm
some as large as 2000 µm= 2mm
most bacteria are _____ in diameter and ______ in length
0.2µm diameter
2-8 µm length
what is the smallest known virus?
porcine circovirus Type 1
what is the length of most plants and animals?
ANIMAL: 5-30µm
PLANT: 10-100µm
WHAY ARE UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS SMALL IN SIZE?
due to surface area to volume ratio
typically the best cell shape is ? give example
circular
ex- Staphylococcus aureus
how come bigger cell size affects the cell requirements in a decreasing way?
as cell size increases, their is a point when plasma membrane/cell membrane can not pass enough materials across it to meet the needs of increased cytoplasmic value
what is the benefit of having cell to cell interaction?
better diffusion
what cell elongations are seen in paramecium, amoeba and euglena
paramecium- cilia
amoeba- pseudopod
euglena- flagellum
what bacteria is an exception with respect to size?
sulphur proteo- bacterium
750µm in diameter
micrasterias is an example of _______
protists, green alga
give an exception
