MODULE 1 Flashcards
how many species can be found in Canada?
> 54,000
how many species of insects, flowering plants, birds and fresh water species can be found in Canada?
Insects: 30,000
flowering plants:5,000
birds: 430
freshwater fish: <200 species
on estimate how many species of living organism are on the planet?
2-10 million
define origin of species
Darwin-population evolve over a course of time through a process of natural selection.
why is their infraspecific variation amongst the colour of males on diff islands id the Galapagos archipelago
1.Blending in background
2.Attract mate
why do marine iguana have blunt nose?
for better moss picking from rocks
what does it mean by Amblyrhynchus cristatus
scientific name for marine iguana
ambly= blunt
rhynchus= nose
cristatus= crest
which is the only lizard that feeds in the sea 🌊
Marine iguana
what are some evolved characters of marine iguana
1.laterally flattened tails to assist in swimming
2. powerful limbs with strong claws
3.blunt nose for grazing on sea weed
what are present under skin, between eyes and nostril on each side of the head in marine iguana and their importance?
salt glands
getting rid of the salt
define biological adaptation
anatomical structure, physiological process or behavioural trait of an organism that increases its expected long term reproductive success
both marine and land iguana are ____________ species.
endemic
define intraspecific variation
“within species”
variation among same species
species are _______ to the environments in which they live.
adapted
how do marine iguana ejects salt and what does that leads to?
“sneezing” action
form a white “wig”- crystallization of salt
marine iguana evolved from _______
land iguana
define biology
bio=”life”, logos=”knowledge”
scientific study of life/ living things
what are the species that live in one or a very small number of places like an island or a lake etc.
give a example
endemic species
land and marine iguana
_______- has many endemic endemic species of snails, plants, insects, reptiles, birds and mammals.
Galàpagos Island Archipelago
what are the species that occur in most/many regions of the world.
give example
cosmopolitan species
ex- brown rat, house sparrow
____ of _____ species of reptiles are endemic in Galapagos islands.
20 of 22
______ of _____ species of vascular plants are endemic in Galapagos islands
180 species of 500 spp.
how many total species of land birds are found in Galapagos island and how many of them are endemic?
29 species
24(92%) are endemic
name 4 endemic species of land birds found on Galapagos island?
Galapagos penguin
Galapagos hawk
common cactus fish
galapagos mockingbird
how Many total species of marine birds are found on galapagos island and out of which how many of them are endemic and give one example?
out of 19 species
5(26%) are endemic
example- flightless cormorant
name non endemic marine bird species found on galapagos island?
great frigate bird
blue footed booby
blue footed booby adapted for ______—
diving into water
is blue footed booby endemic to Galápagos Islands?
no
what adaptation of blue footed booby is obtained when there nostrils close?
when diving into water, prevents water going into head
what are the adaptations of blue footed booby that are useful for diving?
streamlined shape, large tail, nostrils that close
what adaptation helps blue footed booby to propel through water at high speeds.
large, webbed feet
what manages salt intake while at sea in blue footed booby
specialized salt-secreting glands
function of uropygial gland in blue footed booby
water proofing
waxy oily stuff on wings and feathers
greater frigates are adapted for _______
aerial life
what is the key adaptation in greater frigates
highest ratio of wing span/weight i.e. large wings
greater frigates have __________ feet
tiny unwebbed
what is the vestigial part in greater frigates and what is its use
vestigial uropygial gland((waterproofing unnecessary)
what is the significance of vocal red sack in greater frigates
mating or calling back female to nest
__________- is also called sea slug
Nudibranch
whay are nudibranchs usually bright coloured
to advertise to predators that they are unpalatable and use chemical defences for protection
what is the significance of skin glands in nudibranch?
produce sulphuric acid or toxic secretion to repel predators eg fishes
define interspecific differences
variation b/w diff species
why nudibranchs have no shell
because lot of them are toxic
true or false
red sponge nudibranch are brightly coloured(red) to advertise to predators
no, colour is used for camouflage when they are living on red and orange sponges
what is the reason behind red eggs of red sponge nudibranch
for camouflage, to decrease the risk of getting picked by predators
what is thought to be as the origin of the study of natural history
earlier humans passing knowledge about plants and animals t knowledge to increase their chance of survival.
give example of organisms eaten by nudibranch
cnidarians= sea anemones, jelly fish
what is the function of rhinopores in nudibranch?
find food and other slugs to mate with, avoid predators, sense changes in water pressure and vibrations
what are the sensory tentacles in nudibranch
rhinopores
________ in nudibranchs works as gills
cerata
what is the function of cerata
1 degree function- gas exchange
2 degree function- defines ( some species)
name an organism that uses cerata for defence
hermissenda crassicornia
which species is also known as thick horned nudibranch?
hermissenda. crassicornia
an anatomical structure may have ______ function.
more than one
what are the 3 types of biological adaptation
structural adaptation
physiological adaptation
behavioural adaptation
define structural adaptation?
morphological/physical structure of an organism
define physiological adaptations
chemical changes inside the organism(within cells/ tissues/ organs) which cannot be seen from outside
define behavioural adaptations
response by an animal to an external stimuli
behavioural adaptation occurs only in ______
animals
hibernation by polar bear is an example of which adaptation and what is the reason behind doing this
behavioural adaptation
to increase chance of survival
give an example of behavioural adaptation in birds
migration by some birds for reproduction/ food source
what is the key adaptation in skunks to ward off predators
physiological adaptation
skunks release foul smelling spray to ward off predators
how is foul smelling spray in skunks physiological adaptation rather than structural adaptation
an oily secretion containing organic sulphur compounds stores in perianal glands
cerata of nudibranch increases surface area for gas exchange is and example pf what type of adaptation?
structural adaptation
name the organism with all three biological adaptations?
saharan silver ant
even though saharan silver ant cannot survive 10 min in the open, how does it live in the extreme environment
due to its biological adaptations(physiological, structural, behavioural adaptations)
what is the key adaptation in saharan silver ant
physiological adaptation
what is the physiological adaptation in saharan ants
pre set up before leaving nest-produce heat shock proteins, allow cellular functions to continue at high body temps(reduces damage to ants)
what is the structural adaptation in saharan ants
a.specialized hairs on body-silver sheen-reflect >70% of sun’s rays
b. long legs-85.5 cm/sec (v fast)
orientation of body with sun to determine the direction back to nest in saharan ants is an example of what adaptation?
behavioural adaptation
what is the unifying principle of biology
EVOLUTION
Define evolution
living things change gradually from one form into another over the course of time
what are the museum of biology called, give an example
museum of natural history
ex. Natural History museum, London
define natural history
study of natural objects, “historia naturalis”
the study of natural history not only includes animals and plants but also _______ and other non biological fields such as _______, ________
mineralogy
geography, astronomy
who is credited for creating the word”history naturalis” (latin)
Gaius Plinius secundus
the knowledge passed by earlier humans includes what knowledge?
of human and animal anatomy , aspect of animal behaviour eg migration patterns
__________ of dogs by human hunter-gathers was thought to be perfumed ____ years ago
domestication: 15,000 yrs
social interaction with wold:_____—
predator
when was the first major turning point in biological knowledge? and what happened during that
neolithic(Stone Age:10,000 yrs ago)
humans- domesticated plants for farming
livestock animals-(food and work) in sedentary societies
who is considered as the father of zoology or biology
ARISTOTLE
WHAT were the contributions of father of zoology or biology
ARISTOTLE
metabolism
temp regulation
info processing(sensory perception)
embryonic development
inheritance
embryonic developments
what was the key contribution of Aristotle
dissected animals- examined pattern of embryonic development in chicken eggs
father of botany, pupil of Aristotle?
Theophrastus
what was the contribution of father of botany
described 500 diff types of plants+divided them into trees, herbs and shrubs
Theophrastus divided plants on the basis of
physical appearance, types of leaves etc.
who came up with the term “BIOLOGY”
JEAN-BAPTISTE LAMARCK(1802)
i.e. zoology and botany should be studied as a whole
IN 18,19 century replacement of “natural history” to what held place?
zoology=animals
botany=plants
who was known as Pliny the elder
Gaius Plinius secundus, ROMAN NATURALIST
What was the contribution of gaius plinths secundus in natural history?
observation in the field+combined info from more than 100 sources
GAIUS observed and investigated ______ and ______ phenomena in the field.
natural and geographic
how many books were written by gaius +which book became an editorial model for encyclopedias
37
the encyclopedic Naturalis history
“the encyclopedia of natural history”
who was the first person to losely study the behaviour of swifts and house martins(birds)
reverend Gilbert white
who wrote the book the natural history of selborne
reverend gilbert white
who observed the flowering time of plants
Charles Darwin (English naturalist)
what was the name of the English b broadcaster, writer and naturalist who contributed in study of natural history
sir David attenborough
father of microbiology?
Antonio van leeuwenhoek
father of taxonomy
carolus linnaeus
father of palaeontology
Georges Cuvier
father of evolution
Charles Darwin
father of biogeography
alfred russel Wallace
father of genetics
gregor mendel
define empirical method, who was the first person to apply empirical techniques and a rudimentary scientific method to study living things(animals)
Aristotle
collection of data on which to base a scientific theory or derive a conclusion in science
what type of reasoning was used. by Aristotle to study animals
inductive reasoning
Aristotle used inductive reasoning but believed in both _______ and _______.
observation and experimentation
what is the diff between deductive and inductive reasoning
deductive reasoning - specific observations are predicted from a general premise
Inductive reasoning- general conclusion are drawn from specific observations
polar bear live in _______
arctic
define adaptation
evolutionary process whereby a population becomes better suited to its habitat
what is the reason behind thick layer of white fur in polar bears?
insulation against cold, camouflage
what is the reason behind thick layer of blubber in polar bear
insulation against cold+store of energy
what helps with better grip on ice for polar bears
fur on soles of feet-insulation-reduces heat loss from feet
why polar bears have large feet
spreads body mass on ice and snow
how are polar bears are good in both swimming and running?
strong, powerful legs
why do polar bears have small ears
reduce heat loss
what are adaptations in polar bears that help suit them to their environments?
thick layer of white fur
thick layer of fat
fur on soles of feet
large feet
strong legs
small ears
sharp claws and teeth
small eyes
why do polar bears have small eyes
reduce risk of snow blindness
what protect polar bears’ eyes and serve as second lens under water
clear inner eyelid= nictitating membrane
what are the function of nictitating membrane in polar bears
acts as a second lens to protect them
reduces direct contact by sunlight
apex predator??
polar bear
extent species?
living species, still in existence
what does the scientific method consists of?
1.producing hypothesis
2. designing+performing controlled experiements
3.analyzing data
4.drawing conclusions that support or refuse the hypothesis.
