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BIO 121 > MODULE 1 > Flashcards

MODULE 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

how many species can be found in Canada?

A

> 54,000

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2
Q

how many species of insects, flowering plants, birds and fresh water species can be found in Canada?

A

Insects: 30,000
flowering plants:5,000
birds: 430
freshwater fish: <200 species

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3
Q

on estimate how many species of living organism are on the planet?

A

2-10 million

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4
Q

define origin of species

A

Darwin-population evolve over a course of time through a process of natural selection.

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5
Q

why is their infraspecific variation amongst the colour of males on diff islands id the Galapagos archipelago

A

1.Blending in background
2.Attract mate

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6
Q

why do marine iguana have blunt nose?

A

for better moss picking from rocks

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6
Q

what does it mean by Amblyrhynchus cristatus

A

scientific name for marine iguana
ambly= blunt
rhynchus= nose
cristatus= crest

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7
Q

which is the only lizard that feeds in the sea 🌊

A

Marine iguana

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8
Q

what are some evolved characters of marine iguana

A

1.laterally flattened tails to assist in swimming
2. powerful limbs with strong claws
3.blunt nose for grazing on sea weed

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9
Q

what are present under skin, between eyes and nostril on each side of the head in marine iguana and their importance?

A

salt glands
getting rid of the salt

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10
Q

define biological adaptation

A

anatomical structure, physiological process or behavioural trait of an organism that increases its expected long term reproductive success

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11
Q

both marine and land iguana are ____________ species.

A

endemic

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12
Q

define intraspecific variation

A

“within species”
variation among same species

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13
Q

species are _______ to the environments in which they live.

A

adapted

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14
Q

how do marine iguana ejects salt and what does that leads to?

A

“sneezing” action
form a white “wig”- crystallization of salt

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15
Q

marine iguana evolved from _______

A

land iguana

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15
Q

define biology

A

bio=”life”, logos=”knowledge”
scientific study of life/ living things

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16
Q

what are the species that live in one or a very small number of places like an island or a lake etc.
give a example

A

endemic species
land and marine iguana

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17
Q

_______- has many endemic endemic species of snails, plants, insects, reptiles, birds and mammals.

A

Galàpagos Island Archipelago

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18
Q

what are the species that occur in most/many regions of the world.
give example

A

cosmopolitan species
ex- brown rat, house sparrow

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19
Q

____ of _____ species of reptiles are endemic in Galapagos islands.

A

20 of 22

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20
Q

______ of _____ species of vascular plants are endemic in Galapagos islands

A

180 species of 500 spp.

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21
Q

how many total species of land birds are found in Galapagos island and how many of them are endemic?

A

29 species
24(92%) are endemic

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22
Q

name 4 endemic species of land birds found on Galapagos island?

A

Galapagos penguin
Galapagos hawk
common cactus fish
galapagos mockingbird

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23
Q

how Many total species of marine birds are found on galapagos island and out of which how many of them are endemic and give one example?

A

out of 19 species
5(26%) are endemic
example- flightless cormorant

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24
Q

name non endemic marine bird species found on galapagos island?

A

great frigate bird
blue footed booby

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25
Q

blue footed booby adapted for ______—

A

diving into water

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26
Q

is blue footed booby endemic to Galápagos Islands?

A

no

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27
Q

what adaptation of blue footed booby is obtained when there nostrils close?

A

when diving into water, prevents water going into head

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28
Q

what are the adaptations of blue footed booby that are useful for diving?

A

streamlined shape, large tail, nostrils that close

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29
Q

what adaptation helps blue footed booby to propel through water at high speeds.

A

large, webbed feet

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30
Q

what manages salt intake while at sea in blue footed booby

A

specialized salt-secreting glands

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31
Q

function of uropygial gland in blue footed booby

A

water proofing
waxy oily stuff on wings and feathers

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32
Q

greater frigates are adapted for _______

A

aerial life

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33
Q

what is the key adaptation in greater frigates

A

highest ratio of wing span/weight i.e. large wings

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34
Q

greater frigates have __________ feet

A

tiny unwebbed

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35
Q

what is the vestigial part in greater frigates and what is its use

A

vestigial uropygial gland((waterproofing unnecessary)

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36
Q

what is the significance of vocal red sack in greater frigates

A

mating or calling back female to nest

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37
Q

__________- is also called sea slug

A

Nudibranch

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38
Q

whay are nudibranchs usually bright coloured

A

to advertise to predators that they are unpalatable and use chemical defences for protection

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39
Q

what is the significance of skin glands in nudibranch?

A

produce sulphuric acid or toxic secretion to repel predators eg fishes

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40
Q

define interspecific differences

A

variation b/w diff species

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41
Q

why nudibranchs have no shell

A

because lot of them are toxic

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42
Q

true or false
red sponge nudibranch are brightly coloured(red) to advertise to predators

A

no, colour is used for camouflage when they are living on red and orange sponges

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43
Q

what is the reason behind red eggs of red sponge nudibranch

A

for camouflage, to decrease the risk of getting picked by predators

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44
Q

what is thought to be as the origin of the study of natural history

A

earlier humans passing knowledge about plants and animals t knowledge to increase their chance of survival.

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45
Q

give example of organisms eaten by nudibranch

A

cnidarians= sea anemones, jelly fish

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46
Q

what is the function of rhinopores in nudibranch?

A

find food and other slugs to mate with, avoid predators, sense changes in water pressure and vibrations

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46
Q

what are the sensory tentacles in nudibranch

A

rhinopores

47
Q

________ in nudibranchs works as gills

A

cerata

48
Q

what is the function of cerata

A

1 degree function- gas exchange
2 degree function- defines ( some species)

49
Q

name an organism that uses cerata for defence

A

hermissenda crassicornia

50
Q

which species is also known as thick horned nudibranch?

A

hermissenda. crassicornia

51
Q

an anatomical structure may have ______ function.

A

more than one

52
Q

what are the 3 types of biological adaptation

A

structural adaptation
physiological adaptation
behavioural adaptation

53
Q

define structural adaptation?

A

morphological/physical structure of an organism

54
Q

define physiological adaptations

A

chemical changes inside the organism(within cells/ tissues/ organs) which cannot be seen from outside

55
Q

define behavioural adaptations

A

response by an animal to an external stimuli

56
Q

behavioural adaptation occurs only in ______

A

animals

57
Q

hibernation by polar bear is an example of which adaptation and what is the reason behind doing this

A

behavioural adaptation
to increase chance of survival

58
Q

give an example of behavioural adaptation in birds

A

migration by some birds for reproduction/ food source

59
Q

what is the key adaptation in skunks to ward off predators

A

physiological adaptation
skunks release foul smelling spray to ward off predators

60
Q

how is foul smelling spray in skunks physiological adaptation rather than structural adaptation

A

an oily secretion containing organic sulphur compounds stores in perianal glands

61
Q

cerata of nudibranch increases surface area for gas exchange is and example pf what type of adaptation?

A

structural adaptation

62
Q

name the organism with all three biological adaptations?

A

saharan silver ant

63
Q

even though saharan silver ant cannot survive 10 min in the open, how does it live in the extreme environment

A

due to its biological adaptations(physiological, structural, behavioural adaptations)

64
Q

what is the key adaptation in saharan silver ant

A

physiological adaptation

65
Q

what is the physiological adaptation in saharan ants

A

pre set up before leaving nest-produce heat shock proteins, allow cellular functions to continue at high body temps(reduces damage to ants)

66
Q

what is the structural adaptation in saharan ants

A

a.specialized hairs on body-silver sheen-reflect >70% of sun’s rays
b. long legs-85.5 cm/sec (v fast)

67
Q

orientation of body with sun to determine the direction back to nest in saharan ants is an example of what adaptation?

A

behavioural adaptation

68
Q

what is the unifying principle of biology

A

EVOLUTION

69
Q

Define evolution

A

living things change gradually from one form into another over the course of time

70
Q

what are the museum of biology called, give an example

A

museum of natural history
ex. Natural History museum, London

71
Q

define natural history

A

study of natural objects, “historia naturalis”

72
Q

the study of natural history not only includes animals and plants but also _______ and other non biological fields such as _______, ________

A

mineralogy

geography, astronomy

73
Q

who is credited for creating the word”history naturalis” (latin)

A

Gaius Plinius secundus

74
Q
A
75
Q

the knowledge passed by earlier humans includes what knowledge?

A

of human and animal anatomy , aspect of animal behaviour eg migration patterns

76
Q

__________ of dogs by human hunter-gathers was thought to be perfumed ____ years ago

A

domestication: 15,000 yrs

77
Q

social interaction with wold:_____—

A

predator

78
Q

when was the first major turning point in biological knowledge? and what happened during that

A

neolithic(Stone Age:10,000 yrs ago)
humans- domesticated plants for farming
livestock animals-(food and work) in sedentary societies

79
Q

who is considered as the father of zoology or biology

A

ARISTOTLE

80
Q

WHAT were the contributions of father of zoology or biology

A

ARISTOTLE
metabolism
temp regulation
info processing(sensory perception)
embryonic development
inheritance
embryonic developments

81
Q

what was the key contribution of Aristotle

A

dissected animals- examined pattern of embryonic development in chicken eggs

82
Q

father of botany, pupil of Aristotle?

A

Theophrastus

83
Q

what was the contribution of father of botany

A

described 500 diff types of plants+divided them into trees, herbs and shrubs

84
Q

Theophrastus divided plants on the basis of

A

physical appearance, types of leaves etc.

85
Q

who came up with the term “BIOLOGY”

A

JEAN-BAPTISTE LAMARCK(1802)
i.e. zoology and botany should be studied as a whole

86
Q

IN 18,19 century replacement of “natural history” to what held place?

A

zoology=animals
botany=plants

87
Q

who was known as Pliny the elder

A

Gaius Plinius secundus, ROMAN NATURALIST

88
Q

What was the contribution of gaius plinths secundus in natural history?

A

observation in the field+combined info from more than 100 sources

89
Q

GAIUS observed and investigated ______ and ______ phenomena in the field.

A

natural and geographic

90
Q

how many books were written by gaius +which book became an editorial model for encyclopedias

A

37
the encyclopedic Naturalis history
“the encyclopedia of natural history”

91
Q

who was the first person to losely study the behaviour of swifts and house martins(birds)

A

reverend Gilbert white

92
Q

who wrote the book the natural history of selborne

A

reverend gilbert white

93
Q

who observed the flowering time of plants

A

Charles Darwin (English naturalist)

94
Q

what was the name of the English b broadcaster, writer and naturalist who contributed in study of natural history

A

sir David attenborough

95
Q

father of microbiology?

A

Antonio van leeuwenhoek

96
Q

father of taxonomy

A

carolus linnaeus

97
Q

father of palaeontology

A

Georges Cuvier

98
Q

father of evolution

A

Charles Darwin

99
Q

father of biogeography

A

alfred russel Wallace

100
Q

father of genetics

A

gregor mendel

101
Q

define empirical method, who was the first person to apply empirical techniques and a rudimentary scientific method to study living things(animals)

A

Aristotle
collection of data on which to base a scientific theory or derive a conclusion in science

102
Q

what type of reasoning was used. by Aristotle to study animals

A

inductive reasoning

103
Q

Aristotle used inductive reasoning but believed in both _______ and _______.

A

observation and experimentation

104
Q

what is the diff between deductive and inductive reasoning

A

deductive reasoning - specific observations are predicted from a general premise
Inductive reasoning- general conclusion are drawn from specific observations

105
Q

polar bear live in _______

A

arctic

106
Q

define adaptation

A

evolutionary process whereby a population becomes better suited to its habitat

107
Q

what is the reason behind thick layer of white fur in polar bears?

A

insulation against cold, camouflage

108
Q

what is the reason behind thick layer of blubber in polar bear

A

insulation against cold+store of energy

109
Q

what helps with better grip on ice for polar bears

A

fur on soles of feet-insulation-reduces heat loss from feet

110
Q

why polar bears have large feet

A

spreads body mass on ice and snow

111
Q

how are polar bears are good in both swimming and running?

A

strong, powerful legs

112
Q

why do polar bears have small ears

A

reduce heat loss

113
Q

what are adaptations in polar bears that help suit them to their environments?

A

thick layer of white fur
thick layer of fat
fur on soles of feet
large feet
strong legs
small ears
sharp claws and teeth
small eyes

114
Q

why do polar bears have small eyes

A

reduce risk of snow blindness

115
Q

what protect polar bears’ eyes and serve as second lens under water

A

clear inner eyelid= nictitating membrane

116
Q

what are the function of nictitating membrane in polar bears

A

acts as a second lens to protect them
reduces direct contact by sunlight

117
Q

apex predator??

A

polar bear

118
Q

extent species?

A

living species, still in existence

119
Q

what does the scientific method consists of?

A

1.producing hypothesis
2. designing+performing controlled experiements
3.analyzing data
4.drawing conclusions that support or refuse the hypothesis.

BIO 121 (7 decks)

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