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BIO 121 > Mod 4.2 > Flashcards

Mod 4.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 2 central proposition of evolution that today’s biologist believe ?

A
  1. that all living things are descended from a common ancestor.
  2. that all extant species can change and give rise to new species
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2
Q

name the earliest ancestor to modern cats also mention the period they existed+ one diff as compared to modern day cats?

A

Proailurus- cats
late oligocene-Early Miocene

slightly larger c.f domestic cat

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3
Q

mention the kingdom classification of bears

A

Order- Carnivora (13 families)
fAMILY- Ursidae

divided into 3 genus- Ursus(6), Tremarctos(1), Ailuropoda(1)

Ursus- polar bear (carnivore) else omnivore

Ailuropoda- Giant panda- hERBIVORE

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4
Q

what are the charaterists related to the order “Carnivora”

A

does not means all of those are carnivores, rather that share common characteristics such as-
strong sharp claws
<4 toes/feet
well developed canine tooth

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5
Q

When did Proailurus exist?
a) Late Miocene to Early Pliocene
b) Late Oligocene to Early Miocene
c) Pleistocene to Holocene
d) Late Cretaceous to Paleogene

A

b) Late Oligocene to Early Miocene

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6
Q

Which family does Cephalogale belong to?
a) Canidae
b) Ursidae
c) Felidae
d) Mustelidae

A

b) Ursidae

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7
Q

What characteristic was noticed to increase as bears moved up from one period to another, for example, from Oligocene to Miocene?
a) Fur density
b) Jaw strength
c) Body size
d) Lifespan

A

c) Body size

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8
Q

Which of the following is the common ancestor of carnivores?
a) Ursavus
b) Cephalogale
c) Proailurus
d) Ursidae

A

a) (Ursavus), Dawn bear
size of a fox

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9
Q

name the common ancestor of all the bears and its characteristics

A

Cephalogale
Family- ursidae
raccoon sized
in Eurasia 25 mya and Nth. america 20 mya

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10
Q

what are the diff evidence to support the theory of evolution

A
  1. artificial selection
  2. fossils and the fossil record
  3. homologies
    a. comparative anatomy
    b. comparative embryology (animals)
    c. molecular homologies
  4. biogeography
  5. convergent evolution
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11
Q

What does the fossil record provide direct evidence for?
a) Natural selection
b) Descent with modification
c) Intelligent design
d) Creationism

A

b) Descent with modification

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12
Q

What characteristic of Ambulocetus distinguishes it as a transitional form?
a) Powerful jaw
b) Flippered feet
c) Vestigial hind legs
d) Large auditory bulla

A

b) Flippered feet

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13
Q

Which term refers to the selective breeding of animals and plants by humans over thousands of years, providing evidence for the process of evolution?
a) Fossils
b) Artificial Selection
c) Transitional forms
d) Genetic variation

A

b) Artificial Selection

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14
Q

WHAT IS THE KEY THING ABOUT ARTIFICIAL SELECTION

A

it works much faster than natural selection

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15
Q

What is artificial selection primarily driven by?
a) Natural forces
b) Human intervention
c) Environmental factors
d) Random mutations

A

b) Human intervention

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16
Q

Which plant species has been extensively modified through artificial selection to produce various vegetables?
a) Wild tomato
cc) Wild rice
d) Wild wheat

A

b) Wild mustard

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17
Q

What trait of kohlrabi has been modified through artificial selection?
a) Leaves
b) Flower buds
c) Stem
d) Lateral leaf buds

A

c) Stem

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18
Q

Which vegetable results from modifying the terminal leaf bud of wild mustard?
a) Kale
b) Brussels sprouts
c) Cabbage
d) Cauliflower

A

c) Cabbage

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19
Q

Which vegetable results from modifying the lateral leaf buds of wild mustard?
a) Kale
b) Brussels sprouts
c) Cabbage
d) Cauliflower

A

b) Brussels sprouts

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20
Q

What trait of wild mustard has been modified to produce kale?
a) Stem
b) Leaves
c) Flower buds
d) Lateral leaf buds

A

b) Leaves

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21
Q

Cauliflower is the result of modifying which part of wild mustard?
a) Stem
b) Leaves
c) Flower buds
d) Terminal leaf bud

A

c) Flower buds

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22
Q

Which crop has been selectively bred to develop its terminal leaf bud into a marketable product?
a) Kohlrabi
b) Kale
c) Cabbage
d) Cauliflower

A

c) Cabbage

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23
Q

What is the significance of the fossil record in supporting the theory of evolution?
a) It provides evidence of historical events.
b) It demonstrates the sudden appearance of new species.
c) It disproves the concept of descent with modification.
d) It confirms the static nature of species over time.

A

a) It provides evidence of historical events.

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24
Q

Which term describes fossils that exhibit characteristics of both ancestral and derived species?
a) Transitional forms
b) Extinct species
c) Evolutionary anomalies
d) Stable fossils

A

a) Transitional forms

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25
Q

How does the fossil record contribute to the idea of descent with modification?
a) By showing no evidence of change over time.
b) By displaying species exactly as they are today.
c) By demonstrating gradual changes in species over time.
d) By showcasing abrupt appearances of new species.

A

c) By demonstrating gradual changes in species over time.

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26
Q

Which fossil species is primarily considered a land animal but is believed to have spent some time near the sea for hunting/scavenging?
a) Sinonyx jiashanensis
b) Pakicetus inachus
c) Zhou, Zhai, Gingerich & Chen
d) Gingerich & Russell

A

a) Sinonyx jiashanensis

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27
Q

What characteristic of Pakicetus inachus suggests its connection to cetaceans and links it to modern day whales?
a) Powerful jaw structure
b) Large auditory bulla
c) Land-dwelling habits
d) Size similar to a wolf

A

b) Large auditory bulla formed from only the ectotympanic bone

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28
Q

what was the adaption for stamina and strength in Sinonyx jiashanensis?

A

powerful jaw

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29
Q

name the ancestor of modern day whales and its characteristics?

A

Pakicetus inachus
Gingerich & Russell, 1981
* primarily a land animal (swims occas.) * ≈ size of a wolf
* characteristic features of the inner ear
(found only in cetaceans) - large auditory bulla (hollow bony structure enclosing the inner ear ) formed from only the ectotymponic bone (= found only in cetaceans)

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30
Q

what is the only similar thing left in modern whales from its ancestors?

A

-pelvis

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31
Q

_________ link living whales with their land-dwelling ancestors

A

Hind leg bones

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32
Q

Which prehistoric species is considered the ancestor of modern horses, donkeys, and zebras?
a) Equus
b) Hyracotherium
c) Ursavus
d) Sinonyx

A

b) Hyracotherium

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33
Q

What was the size of Hyracotherium, also known as the “dawn horse”?
a) Size of an elephant
b) Size of a dog
c) Size of a horse
d) Size of a cat

A

b) Size of a dog

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34
Q

What significant anatomical feature of modern horses evolved from the middle toe of Hyracotherium?
a) Tail
b) Mane
c) Hoof
d) Ear

A

c) Hoof

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35
Q

What did Hyracotherium primarily consume?
a) Meat
b) Leaves
c) Fish
d) Roots

A

b) Leaves

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36
Q

What significant adaptation took place in the molars of equids during their evolution?
a) Tooth loss
b) Development of sharper teeth for hunting
c) Transition to a leaf-based diet
d) Transformation of molars to accommodate a grass-based diet

A

d) Transformation of molars to accommodate a grass-based diet

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37
Q

What is the common name used to refer to animals in the genus Equus?
a) Felines
b) Canines
c) Equids
d) Ursids

A

c) Equids

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38
Q

going from limbs,4toes to modern day hoof represented ________ forms in the fossil record

A

transitional

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39
Q

Which evolutionary trend is observed in the transition from Hyracotherium to its larger descendants?
a) Increased number of toes
b) Reduced size
c) Increased number of features
d) Reduced number of toes and development of hooves

A

d) Reduced number of toes and development of hooves

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40
Q

What adaptation likely helped larger descendants of Hyracotherium escape predation?
a) Increased number of toes
b) Development of sharper teeth
c) Reduced number of toes, development of hoof
d) Reduced size

A

c) Reduced number of toes, development of hoof- faster runner

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41
Q

What evolutionary change occurred in the size of Hyracotherium’s descendants?
a) They remained the same size
b) They became smaller
c) They became larger
d) They varied in size unpredictably

A

c) They became larger

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42
Q

Which adaptation facilitated faster running in the larger descendants of Hyracotherium?
a) Larger teeth
b) Increased body mass
c) Reduced number of toes and development of hoof
d) Development of wings

A

c) Reduced number of toes and development of hoof

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43
Q

How were the teeth of modern equids adapted compared to their ancestors?
a) Smaller and less enamel
b) Sharper for hunting prey
c) Larger and with more enamel
d) No significant change in tooth structure

A

c) Larger and with more enamel

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44
Q

What caused the modification of teeth in modern equids?
a) Diet change from grass to leaves
b) Transition from herbivores to carnivores
c) Change in jaw structure
d) Increase in body size

A

a) Diet change from grass to leaves

45
Q

What dietary change occurred in the evolution of equids from early ancestors to modern species?
a) They transitioned from grazing to browsing.
b) They became carnivores.
c) They shifted from browsing to grazing.
d) They started consuming aquatic plants.

A

c) They shifted from browsing to grazing.

46
Q

which organism represent a transition from ancestral reptiles to modern day birds?

A

Archaeopteryx

47
Q

When was Archaeopteryx discovered?
a) 1860
b) 1861
c) 1862
d) 1863

A

b) 1861

48
Q

Which region was Archaeopteryx discovered in?
a) Bavaria
b) Bavarian Alps
c) Bavarian Forest
d) Black Forest

A

Bavaria

49
Q

What is unique about the rib structure of Archaeopteryx compared to modern birds?
a) They are fused
b) They are longer
c) They are free
d) They are absent

A

c) They are free

50
Q

write the morphological features of

A

Skeleton resembles a dinosaur with reptilian features:
1. Long, bony tail
2. Ribs are free, not fused as in birds
3. Hand bones are not fused, indicating the presence of claws as in birds
4. Teeth are present

Features of birds include :wings, feathers, and a wishbone

51
Q

What does Archaeopteryx represent in terms of evolution?
a) A transition from fish to reptiles
b) A transition from reptiles to birds
c) A transition from birds to mammals
d) A transition from amphibians to reptiles

A

b) A transition from reptiles to birds

52
Q

What are vestigial characters?
a) Structures that serve an important function in organisms
b) Structures that have lost their function but are remnants of ancestral features
c) Structures that have evolved to perform new functions
d) Structures that appear in organisms due to convergent evolution

A

b) Structures that have lost their function but are remnants of ancestral features

53
Q

Which of the following is an example of a vestigial organ in humans?
a) Liver
b) Heart
c) Coccyx (tailbone)
d) Lungs

A

c) Coccyx (tailbone)

54
Q

What do vestigial structures indicate about the evolutionary history of organisms?
a) They suggest that organisms were created perfectly by a divine being
b) They provide evidence of common ancestry and evolutionary change over time
c) They demonstrate the efficiency of natural selection in adapting organisms to their environment
d) They support the idea of independent creation of species

A

b) They provide evidence of common ancestry and evolutionary change over time

55
Q

What term is used to describe structures that have evolved from organs or features that had a function in ancestral species but are now functionless?
a) Primitive organs
b) Rudimentary organs
c) Specialized organs
d) Developed organs

A

b) Rudimentary organs

56
Q

Which of the following is NOT an example of a vestigial structure in organisms?
a) Coccyx (tailbone) in humans
b) Appendix in humans
c) Pelvis and femur bones in snakes and whales
d) Wings in birds

A

d) Wings in birds

57
Q

What is comparative embryology?
a) Study of animal behavior
b) Study of animal development before birth
c) Study of animal fossils
d) Study of animal genetics

A

b) Study of animal development before birth

58
Q

What do similarities in early animal development suggest?
a) Shared ancestry
b) Random chance
c) Individual adaptation
d) Environmental influence

A

a) Shared ancestry

59
Q

What are homologies?
a) Shared features due to habitat
b) Shared features due to common ancestry
c) Random variations in species
d) Acquired traits during an organism’s lifetime

A

b) Shared features due to common ancestry

60
Q

Which structure develops from pharyngeal slits in fish?
a) Lungs
b) Gills
c) Wings
d) Legs

A

b) Gills

61
Q

What do pharyngeal slits in vertebrates develop into in humans?
a) Lungs
b) Gills
c) Ears and throat
d) Eyes

A

c) Ears and throat

62
Q

What do molecular homologies primarily refer to in the context of evolution?
a) Similarities in physical structures among different species
b) Shared DNA sequences and genetic code across all life forms
c) Homologous organs with different functions in different species
d) Analogous traits resulting from convergent evolution

A

b) Shared DNA sequences and genetic code across all life forms

63
Q

Which genetic letters are commonly shared among all living organisms as part of their genetic code?
a) A, B, C, D
b) X, Y, Z, W
c) A, C, G, T
d) M, N, O, P

A

c) A, C, G, T

64
Q

What type of genes are Hox genes primarily known as?
a) Structural genes
b) Master genes
c) Regulatory genes
d) Mutagenic genes

A

b) Master genes

65
Q

What is the role of the conserved homeobox domain found in Hox genes?
a) It influences the behavior of the organism.
b) It regulates growth hormone levels.
c) It determines the metabolic rate of the organism.
d) It controls the development of body structures during embryonic development.

A

d) It controls the development of body structures during embryonic development.

66
Q

Which characteristic makes Hox genes an example of molecular homology?
a) Their role in regulating behavior in animals
b) Their presence in all animals
c) Their ability to code for proteins involved in metabolism
d) Their involvement in maintaining energy balance

A

b) Their presence in all animals

67
Q

was Darwin familiar about molecular homologies?

A

NO

68
Q

what are the two main points about molecular homologies which helps them provide evidence to support theory of evolution.

A
  1. DNA & Genetic code shared by all life (ACGT)
    closely related species=more similarity in DNA sequence
  2. Similarity of “master” genes controlling embryonic development, Hox genes
69
Q

What is the main role of the homeobox domain found in Hox genes?
a) Controlling the color of an organism’s fur.
b) involved in the regulation
of morphological development in the embryo
c) Regulating the digestion process in the organism.
d) Influencing the organism’s ability to learn new behaviors.

A

b) involved in the regulation
of morphological development in the embryo

70
Q

What is the name of the conserved domain found in Hox genes?
a) Heterodomain
b) Homeobox domain
c) Hox domain
d) Hominoid domain

A

b) Homeobox domain

71
Q

How many base pairs are present in the conserved homeobox domain found within Hox genes?
a) 90 bp
b) 120 bp
c) 180 bp
d) 220 bp

A

c) 180 bp

72
Q

in molecular homology, _________ can be used to see evolution in an organism and look for common ancestry.

A

gene sequence

73
Q

Forming new body types and determining segment structures are primarily regulated by:
a) Hox proteins
b) DNA sequences
c) Ribosomal RNA
d) Transfer RNA

A

a) Hox proteins

74
Q

What do Hox proteins primarily determine in embryonic development?
a) The number of segments formed
b) The type of segment structures formed
c) The overall size of the organism
d) The coloration pattern of the organism

A

b) The type of segment structures formed

75
Q

How do Hox genes contribute to the formation of new body types?
a) By directly forming the segments themselves
b) By regulating the growth of existing body structures
c) By determining the arrangement of segments
d) By influencing the behavior of the organism

A

c) By determining the arrangement of segments

76
Q

What is the role of Hox proteins in embryonic development?
a) They form the actual segments themselves
b) They confer segmental identity
c) They control the metabolic rate of the organism
d) They regulate the activity of growth hormones

A

b) They confer segmental identity

77
Q

where do emperor penguin exist?

A

antartica

78
Q

What is considered the most primitive penguin species?
a) Aptenodytes forsteri
b) Waimanu
c) Spheniscus demersus
d) Eudyptula minor

A

b) Waimanu

79
Q

Which species is regarded as the most primitive ursid?
a) Ursus arctos
b) Ursavus
c) Arctodus simus
d) Cephalogale

A

d) Cephalogale

80
Q

What is the approximate age of Waimanu, the most primitive penguin?
a) 20-30 million years ago
b) 62 million years ago
c) 17 million years ago
d) 100 million years ago

A

b) 62 million years ago

81
Q

Where did Waimanu, the most primitive penguin, live?
a) Australia
b) Europe
c) New Zealand
d) Antarctica

A

c) New Zealand

82
Q

Which continent did Cephalogale, the most primitive ursid, inhabit?
a) Australia
b) Europe
c) North America
d) Africa

A

b) Europe

83
Q

How did species migrate during the time of Cephalogale?
a) Through underwater tunnels
b) By flying
c) Via a land bridge called Beringia
d) Riding on the backs of other animals

A

c) Via a land bridge called Beringia

84
Q

why cephalogale weren’t;t found in South Africa or Australia?

A

because there were no land bridges

85
Q

What limited the geographic range of species during this time?
a) Their food preferences
b) Their ability to migrate to other suitable habitats
c) Their ability to fly
d) The size of their territories

A

b) Their ability to migrate to other suitable habitats

86
Q

what is the concept of descent with modification

A

Darwin’s idea that species change over time through natural selection, with advantageous traits becoming more common in populations.

87
Q

who was the father of biogeography

A

Alfred Russell wallace

88
Q

What did Alfred Russel Wallace observe about the distribution of species in Indonesia?
a) There was a sharp distinction between north-western and south-eastern Indonesia despite similar climates.
b) There were no distinct differences in fauna and flora between different parts of Indonesia.
c) Similar species were found across the entire region.
d) Indonesian species were identical to those found in Australia.

A

a) There was a sharp distinction between north-western and south-eastern Indonesia despite similar climates.

89
Q

What conclusion did Wallace draw from the biogeographical patterns he observed?
a) Species distribution is determined by random chance.
b) Biogeography has no relation to evolutionary history.
c) Species distribution is influenced by human intervention.
d)Biogeographical patterns are a record of evolutionary history.

A

d)Biogeographical patterns are a record of evolutionary history.

90
Q

How many great biogeographical regions did Wallace recognize on Earth ?
a) 3
b) 6
c) 9
d) 12

A

6

91
Q

What does the distribution of unique flora and fauna in different biogeographical regions indicate?
a) It suggests that species originated independently in each region.
b) It implies that species in each region evolved from a common ancestor.
c) It confirms that species do not evolve over time.
d) It suggests that human activity is the primary driver of species distribution.

A

b) It implies that species in each region evolved from a common ancestor.

92
Q

What does the absence of a single native species of mammal common to Australia, South America, and Europe indicate?
a) These regions have no similarities in environmental conditions.
b) Species in these regions evolved from different ancestors.
c) Species in these regions have not evolved over time.
d) These regions are not affected by evolutionary processes.

A

b) Species in these regions evolved from different ancestors.

93
Q

Why is there no single native species of mammal common to Australia, South America, and Europe?
a) These regions have identical environmental conditions.
b) Species in these regions evolved from different ancestors.
c) Human intervention introduced different species to each region.
d) There are no mammal species in these regions.

A

b) Species in these regions evolved from different ancestors.

94
Q

How does the uniqueness of flora and fauna in each region contribute to biogeography?
a) It supports the idea that species distribution is random.
b) It indicates that species evolve independently in each region from pre existing species.
c) It suggests that all regions have identical environmental conditions.
d) It demonstrates the absence of evolutionary processes in species distribution.

A

b) It indicates that species evolve independently in each region from pre existing species.

95
Q

Which phenomenon suggests adaptation to similar environments or ecological niches?

a) Divergent evolution
b) Convergent evolution
c) Parallel evolution
d) Coevolution

A

b) Convergent evolution

96
Q

give example of convergent evolution ?

A

Echidna (spiny anteater)
Tachyglossus aculeatus
(Australia)

giant anteater
Myrmecophaga tridactyla
(South America)

aren’t close relatives monotreme vs placental mammal

97
Q

what are the adaptations by Echidna and giant anteater with respect to their similar environment/

A

Longish snouts, long tongues for eating termites and ants

98
Q

What is the result of natural selection favoring similar traits in different species living in similar environments?
a) Their phenotypes diverge
b) They become more different from each other
c) Their phenotypes converge
d) They develop completely unique traits

A

a) Their phenotypes diverge

99
Q

what appears to have favoured parallel evolutionary adaptations in similar environments.

A

natural selection

100
Q

give an example of plants showing convergent evolution

A

Succulent plants

-Nth American cactus- clear, watery sap
-Euphorbia - Africa - (cactus-like shrubs or spurges)milky, sticky sap (often toxic)

101
Q

the succulent plant species showing convergent evolution are. only distantly related, but have _______ converged on a very similar body form.

A

independently

102
Q

what is the difference between microevolution and macroevolution

A

microevolution- change in population
macroevolution- formation of new species

103
Q

define the term adaptatiomn

A

A biological adaptation is an anatomical structure, physiological process or behavioural trait of an organism that has evolved over a period of time by the process of natural selection that increases the expected long-term reproductive success of the organism.

104
Q

What aspect of evolution did Darwin primarily focus on?
a) Individual variation
b) Population change
c) Environmental adaptation
d) Natural selection

A

b) Population change

105
Q

What did Darwin not understand about variation among individuals?
a) The cause of variation between individuals
b) How to measure variation within populations
c) The role of natural selection in producing variation
d) The significance of variation in evolution

A

a) The cause of variation between individuals

106
Q

Who provided crucial insights into the mechanism of inheritance that Darwin lacked?
a) Charles Lyell
b) Alfred Russel Wallace
c) Gregor Mendel
d) Thomas Malthus

A

c) Gregor Mendel

107
Q

What is the term for the change in traits within a population over time?
a) Genetic drift
b) Microevolution
c) Macroevolution
d) Mutation

A

b) Microevolution

108
Q

Which field of study did Gregor Mendel’s work significantly contribute to which provided significant insights into Darwin’s theory of evolution.?
a) Geology
b) Paleontology
c) Genetics
d) Ecology

A

c) Genetics

BIO 121 (7 decks)

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