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BIO 121 > Mod 4.3 > Flashcards

Mod 4.3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the raw material of evolution?
a) Environmental variation
cc) Phenotypic variation
d) Non-genetic variation

A

b) Genetic variation

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2
Q

phenotypic variation maybe ______ or _____ in variation

A

environmental or genetic

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3
Q

What type of variation results in differences in genes and is crucial for evolution to occur?
a) Environmental variation
b) Non-genetic variation
c) Genetic variation
d) Phenotypic variation

A

c) Genetic variation

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4
Q

what are the 2 main points about genetic variation

A
  1. must have variation in population
  2. variation must be inherited
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5
Q

What causes the color changes in Araschnia levana European map butterflies?
a) Genetic mutations
b) Changes in diet
c) Seasonal differences in temp
d) Habitat destruction

A

c) Seasonal differences
non genetic, environment induced

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6
Q

ChatGPT
What is indicated if two forms of butterflies differ in reproductive success, but this does not influence the ability of their offspring to develop into either morph?
a) The reproductive success of the parents directly determines the morph of the offspring.
b) Offspring inherit their morph from the parent with the highest reproductive success.
c) The morph of the offspring is not influenced by the reproductive success of the parents.
d) Offspring are more likely to develop into the morph that was more successful in reproducing.

A

c) The morph of the offspring is not influenced by the reproductive success of the parents.

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7
Q

what is variation/diversity among species?

A

variation among individuals in a population of that species

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8
Q

what is the typical distribution curve

A

bell curve

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9
Q

define the term polymorphism

A

multiple forms
having different forms or variations within a population of the same species.

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10
Q

an Elder-flowered orchid with two colour variations (Europe) is an example of?

A

polymorphism

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11
Q

California King snakes with two morphs (colour patterns are an example of?

A

polymorphism

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12
Q

pink/orange coloration of the galapagos island flamingos is due to?

A

phenotypic variation due to environmental factors-due to there consumption of brine shrimp, absorbing the carotenoid, hence not genetic

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13
Q

What contributes to phenotypic variation in organisms?
a) Only genetic factors
b) Only environmental factors
c) Both genetic and environmental factors
d) Neither genetic nor environmental factors

A

c) Both genetic and environmental factors

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14
Q

In the postman butterfly(Heliconius melpomene), what controls the variation in color patterns?
a) Single gene
b) Multiple genes
c) Environmental factors only
d) Random chance

A

b) Multiple genes

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15
Q

How does selection influence the percentage of different color forms in subsequent generations of postman butterfly?
a) It has no effect on color variation
b) It decreases the variation in color forms
c) It increases the variation in color forms
d) It depends solely on environmental conditions

A

c) It increases the variation in color forms

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16
Q

What is an example of inheritable variation in the jaguar species?
a) Diet preferences
b) Hunting techniques
c) Coloration
d) Body size

A

c) Coloration

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17
Q

What environmental conditions are associated with spotted jaguars’ success in hunting?
a) Grasslands
b) Forests
c) Mountains
d) Deserts

A

a) Grasslands

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18
Q

What environmental conditions are associated with black jaguars’ (panther) success in hunting?
a) Grasslands
b) Forests
c) Mountains
d) Deserts

A

b) Forests

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19
Q

What is the result of a mutation in the gene encoding the enzyme involved in tan pigment synthesis in Jaguars?
a) Increased synthesis of tan pigment
b) No change in pigment production
c) Synthesis of black pigment
d) Synthesis of white pigment

A

c) Synthesis of black pigment

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20
Q

What is the primary focus of natural selection?
a) Individual organisms
b) Genetic mutations
c) Population dynamics
d) Environmental changes

A

a) Individual organisms

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21
Q

What defines a population?
a) A group of organisms with similar traits.
b) A group of individuals occupying different regions.
c) A group of individuals belonging to different species.
d) A group of individuals belonging to the same species occupying a particular geographic region.

A

d) A group of individuals belonging to the same species occupying a particular geographic region.

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22
Q

what type of changes can be seen when population change from one gen to another?

A

number of individuals
geographic location
genetic composition( response to environmental changes (abiotic factorS) predators, disease

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23
Q

Natural Selection acts on the _________.

A

phenotype

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24
Q

Natural Selection is the differential reproduction of ?

A

genotype

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25
Q

phenotype = ?

A

physical appearance

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26
Q

genotype = ?

A

genetic makeup of individuals

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27
Q

variation within a population is determined ___________ and _______ but natural selection only acts on _________.

A

genetically, environmentally

natural selection only acts on the basis of genetically determined variation

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28
Q

what is the theory of evolution by natural selection?

A

overproduction- variation- selection- adaptation

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29
Q

explain the theory of evolution step by step

A

OVERPRODUCTION- every species tends to produce more individuals that can survive to maturity
VARIATION- individuals of a population have many characteristic that differ
SELECTION- some individuals survive longer and reproduce more than others do
ADAPTATION- the traits of the surviving and reproducing individuals will become more common in population.

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30
Q

What is cryptic coloration?
a) Bright colors used to attract mates
b) A type of camouflage that helps animals blend in with their surroundings
c) Loud sounds emitted by animals to deter predators
d) A method of communication among members of the same species

A

b) A type of camouflage that helps animals blend in with their surroundings

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31
Q

How does cryptic coloration benefit animals?
a) It helps them find food more easily
b) It makes them more visible to predators
c) It reduces the risk of exposure to predators
d) It allows them to attract potential mates

A

c) It reduces the risk of exposure to predators

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32
Q

Which of the following is an example of an animal using cryptic coloration?
a) Peacock displaying its colorful feathers
b) Polar bear hunting in the snow
c) Beetle blending in with tree bark
d) Butterfly with bright wings

A

c) Beetle blending in with tree bark

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33
Q

What role does natural selection play in the evolution of cryptic coloration?
a) It encourages animals to become more brightly colored
b) It selects for traits that help animals stand out from their environment
c) It favors traits that allow animals to blend in with their surroundings
d) It has no influence on the coloration of animals

A

c) It favors traits that allow animals to blend in with their surroundings

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34
Q

define the term camouflage ?

A

cryptic colouration) refers to a organism
matching /blending in with its background [which can be an inanimate object or a living organism]and hence
becomes less vulnerable to predation or recognized by it prey
ex- leaf mantid, stick insect, camo moth

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35
Q

_________- refers to species resembling other species

A

mimicry

36
Q

what organism defend themselves by mimicking a snake?

A

hawk moth caterpillar

37
Q

What is Batesian mimicry?
a) Mimicry where both the mimic and the model are harmful to predators
b) Mimicry where the mimic is harmful but the model is harmless
c) Mimicry where the mimic is harmless but the model is harmful and acts like it
d) Mimicry where both the mimic and the model are harmless

A

Mimicry where the mimic is harmless but the model is harmful and acts like it

38
Q

What is the purpose of Batesian mimicry?
a) To confuse predators with false signals
b) To deter predators by displaying bright colors
c) To mimic the appearance of a harmful species for protection
d) To attract potential mates through visual displays

A

c) To mimic the appearance of a harmful species for protection

39
Q

Which of the following is an example of Batesian mimicry?
a) Bee mimicking a butterfly
b) Harmless snake mimicking a venomous snake
c) Poisonous frog mimicking a harmless toad
d) Butterfly mimicking a flower

A

b) Harmless snake mimicking a venomous snake

40
Q

What characteristic do mimics share with their models in Batesian mimicry?
a) They have bright colors to warn predators
b) They produce a strong odor to deter predators
c) They share similar physical features or signals of the model
d) They exhibit aggressive behavior towards predators

A

c) They share similar physical features or signals of the model

41
Q

Red milk snake
(Lampropeltis triangulum)
non-venomous and Coral snake
(Micrurus nigrocinctus)
poisonous are an example of?

A

Batesian mimicry

42
Q

insects like Microdon testaceus, Ersitalis taeniops, Laphria thoracica, Mallota posticata mimicking bee are examples of _______mimickry

A

Batesian mimicry

43
Q

In Batesian mimicry, what does the mimic typically pose as?
a) A predator
b) Another species that is harmful to predators
c) A prey species
d) A symbiotic partner

A

b) Another species that is harmful to predators

44
Q

What is the characteristic threat posed by the False bombardier beetle (Brachinus sp.) in Batesian mimicry?
a) Chemical warfare
b) Mimicking larger predators
c) Physical aggression
d) Camouflage techniques

A

a) Chemical warfare
hot irritant from special glands

45
Q

What butterfly species exhibits Müllerian mimicry?
a) Monarch butterfly
b) Viceroy butterfly
c) Swallowtail butterfly
d) Painted lady butterfly

A

b) Viceroy butterfly

46
Q

In Müllerian mimicry, what is the relationship between the mimic and the model?
a) The mimic is harmful, and the model is harmless.
b) Both the mimic and the model are harmful.
c) The mimic is harmless, and the model is harmful.
d) Both the mimic and the model are harmless.

A

b) Both the mimic and the model are harmful.

47
Q

What was discovered about the viceroy butterfly in relation to the monarch butterfly?
a) The viceroy is more unpalatable than the monarch.
b) The viceroy is more palatable than the monarch.
c) The viceroy and the monarch have identical palatability.
d) The viceroy is poisonous, unlike the monarch.

A

a) The viceroy is more unpalatable than the monarch.

48
Q

What is Müllerian mimicry?
a) Mimicry where both the mimic and the model are harmful to predators
b) Mimicry where the mimic is harmful but the model is harmless
c) Mimicry where the mimic is harmless but the model is harmful
d) Mimicry where distasteful species resemble each other, reinforcing a warning signal to predators

A

d) Mimicry where distasteful species resemble each other, reinforcing a warning signal to predators

49
Q

Müllerian mimicry involves:
a) Harmful mimicry
b) Harmless mimicry
c) Harmless mimicry of harmful species
d) Harmful mimicry of harmless species

A

c) Harmless mimicry of harmful species

50
Q

Which of the following is an example of Müllerian mimicry?
a) Mimicry between a wasp and a fly
b) Mimicry between a bee and a flower
c) Mimicry between sympatric pairs of Heliconius butterflies
d) Mimicry between a butterfly and a moth

A

c) Mimicry between sympatric pairs of Heliconius butterflies

51
Q

what is industrial melanism?

A

a phenomena that affected over 70 species of moths in England.

52
Q

What is the best-studied example of industrial melanism?
a) The white moth
b) The peppered moth (Biston betularia)
c) The black moth
d) The light-colored moth

A

b) The peppered moth (Biston betularia)

53
Q

What are the two forms of the peppered moth ?
a) Black and brown
b) Light-colored and dark-colored (melanic)
c) Green and yellow
d) Red and blue

A

b) Light-colored(peppered) and dark-colored (melanic)

54
Q

Before the 1800s, what was the predominant coloration of the peppered moth population?
a) Light-colored
b) Dark-colored
c) Striped
d) Transparent

A

a) Light-colored

55
Q

What environmental change occurred during the Industrial Revolution that affected the peppered moth population?
a) Increase in temperature
b) Increase in precipitation
c) Increase in air pollution and soot deposition on trees
d) Decrease in natural predators

A

c) Increase in air pollution and soot deposition on trees

56
Q

What hypothesis did Bowater propose regarding the coloration of peppered moths?
a) The blackness in moths was directly caused by pollutants altering their metabolism.
b) The moths developed stripes to blend in with tree bark.
c) There was no genetic basis for color forms in moths.
d) Moths adapted their color to match seasonal changes.

A

a) The blackness in moths was directly caused by pollutants altering their metabolism.

57
Q

What did Bernard Kettlewell propose regarding the selective advantage of dark-colored moths in polluted environments?
a) Dark-colored moths were less visible to predators due to their coloration.
b) Light-colored moths were less visible to predators due to their coloration.
c) Moths changed their coloration in response to changes in temperature.
d) Dark-colored moths were more easily spotted by predators.

A

a) Dark-colored moths were less visible to predators due to their coloration.

58
Q

How did Kettlewell confirm his hypothesis regarding the selective advantage of dark-colored moths?
a) Through laboratory experiments
b) Through genetic analysis
c) Through field experiments and observations
d) Through computer simulations

A

c) Through field experiments and observations

59
Q

What conclusion can be drawn from the phenomenon of industrial melanism in peppered moths?
a) Light-colored moths are always more successful in polluted environments.
b) Dark-colored moths are always more successful in polluted environments.
c) Both light-colored and dark-colored moths are equally successful in polluted environments.
d) Moth coloration has no impact on survival in polluted environments.

A

b) Dark-colored moths are always more successful in polluted environments.

60
Q

What term describes the process by which a population shifts its predominant phenotype due to selective pressures?
a) Speciation
b) Adaptation
c) Genetic drift
d) Natural selection

A

d) Natural selection

61
Q

What role did environmental changes play in the adaptation of peppered moths?
a) Environmental changes caused moths to become extinct.
b) Environmental changes led to an increase in genetic mutations.
c) Environmental changes provided a selective advantage for certain moth phenotypes.
d) Environmental changes led to random fluctuations in moth populations.

A

c) Environmental changes provided a selective advantage for certain moth phenotypes.

62
Q

What is the significance of industrial melanism in the study of evolution?
a) It demonstrates the importance of human activity in shaping natural selection.
b) It proves that moths have the ability to change color at will.
c) It highlights the role of genetic drift in population genetics.
d) It shows that natural selection only operates on individual organisms.

A

a) It demonstrates the importance of human activity in shaping natural selection.

63
Q

What phenomenon did Peter and Rosemary Grant study in Galápagos finches since 1973?
a) Industrial melanism
b) Cryptic coloration
c) Adaptation by natural selection
d) Batesian mimicry

A

c) Adaptation by natural selection

64
Q

What hypothesis did the Grants propose regarding beak size in medium ground finches during dry conditions?
a) Dry conditions produce smaller seeds, leading to smaller beaks in finches.
b) Dry conditions produce larger seeds, leading to larger beaks in finches.
c) Dry conditions have no effect on beak size in finches.
d) Dry conditions cause finches to develop longer wings instead of larger beaks.

A

b) Dry conditions produce larger seeds, leading to larger beaks in finches.

65
Q

What environmental event occurred in 1977, and how did it affect seed availability for the finches?
a) Floods, leading to an abundance of small seeds
b) Drought, leading to an abundance of small seeds
c) Drought, leading to a scarcity of small seeds
d) Wildfires, leading to a scarcity of large seeds

A

c) Drought, leading to a scarcity of small seeds

66
Q

What was the relationship between beak size and survival/reproduction during the drought of 1977?
a) Finches with smaller beaks were more likely to survive and reproduce.
b) Finches with larger beaks were more likely to survive and reproduce.
c) Beak size had no impact on survival/reproduction during the drought.
d) Beak size was inversely related to survival/reproduction during the drought.

A

b) Finches with larger beaks were more likely to survive and reproduce.

67
Q

What conclusion did the Grants draw from their study regarding the heritability of beak size?
a) Beak size is solely determined by environmental factors.
b) Beak size is solely determined by genetic factors.
c) Beak size is determined by a combination of environmental and genetic factors.
d) Beak size has no impact on survival and reproduction.

A

c) Beak size is determined by a combination of environmental and genetic factors.

68
Q

are the two colour patterns in piston betularia (the peppered moth) genetically determined?
True/False

A

True

69
Q

What conclusion did the Grants draw from their study regarding the heritability of beak size?
a) Beak size is solely determined by environmental factors.
b) Beak size is solely determined by genetic factors.
c) Beak size is determined by a combination of environmental and genetic factors.
d) Beak size has no impact on survival and reproduction.

A

c) Beak size is determined by a combination of environmental and genetic factors.

70
Q

What is sexual cannibalism?
a) A behavior where individuals of the same species mate with each other.
b) A behavior where one member of a species consumes the other member during mating.
c) A behavior where individuals compete for mating opportunities.
d) A behavior where mating occurs only during certain times of the year.

A

b) A behavior where one member of a species consumes the other member during mating.

71
Q

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a species where sexual cannibalism occurs?
a) Spiders
b) Scorpions
c) Ants
d) Crickets

A

c) Ants

72
Q

Why do female mantids engage in sexual cannibalism?
a) To eliminate competition from other females.
b) To obtain a high energy source for faster egg development.
c) To assert dominance over the male.
d) To provide protection for the male during mating.

A

b) To obtain a high energy source for faster egg development.

73
Q

How does prolonged copulation benefit the male mantis in terms of reproductive success?
a) It allows the male to mate with multiple females.
b) It prevents the male from being consumed by the female.
c) It increases the likelihood of his sperm fertilizing the female’s eggs.
d) It reduces the energy expenditure of the male.

A

c) It increases the likelihood of his sperm fertilizing the female’s eggs.

74
Q

What is the ultimate benefit of sexual cannibalism for the male mantis?
a) It allows him to assert dominance over the female.
b) It ensures his survival during mating.
c) It contributes energy for the growth and survival of his offspring.
d) It prevents other males from mating with the female.

A

c) It contributes energy for the growth and survival of his offspring.

75
Q

What term describes the phenotypic differences between males and females in sexually-reproducing species?
a) Industrial melanism
b) Sexual dimorphism
c) Cryptic coloration
d) Batesian mimicry

A

b) Sexual dimorphism

76
Q

What are secondary sexual characteristics, as described in the context of sexual selection?
a) Traits that aid in survival and adaptation to the environment
b) Traits that distinguish males and females in a species
c) Traits that protect against predators through camouflage
d) Traits that are inherited from one generation to the next

A

b) Traits that distinguish males and females in a species

77
Q

Who considered sexual selection to be a separate process from natural selection?
a) Charles Darwin
b) Alfred Russell Wallace
c) Gregor Mendel
d) Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

A

a) Charles Darwin

78
Q

What are the two types of sexual selection ?
A) Intrasexual and environmental selection
B) Intersexual and intrasexual selection
C) Interpersonal and intraspecies selection
D) Intersexual and interspecies selection

A

B) Intersexual and intrasexual selection

79
Q

Which type of sexual selection involves direct competition such as physical combat among members of the same sex?
A) Intersexual selection
B) Environmental selection
C) Intrasexual selection
D) Behavioral selection

A

C) Intrasexual selection

80
Q

In species where a dominant male has a harem, which type of sexual selection is likely to occur?
A) Interpersonal selection
B) Environmental selection
C) Intrasexual selection
D) Intersexual selection

A

C) Intrasexual selection

81
Q

Which specie uses its large claw to defend its burrow in competition for a female?
A) Male pheasants
B) Bulwer’s pheasant
C) Male fiddler crabs
D) Indian peacock

A

C) Male fiddler crabs

82
Q

In intersexual selection, which gender is primarily responsible for choosing a mate based on certain traits?
A) Males
B) Females
C) Both males and females equally
D) It varies depending on the species

A

B) Females

83
Q

What is one trait that males often exhibit as part of mating behavior, despite it requiring energy to grow?
A) Short, dull-colored feathers
B) Long, brightly colored tail feathers
C) Small, inconspicuous body size
D) Lack of display behaviors

A

B) Long, brightly colored tail feathers

84
Q

What is the main reason for males to engage in ritualized displays despite the increased risk?
A) To demonstrate dominance over other males
B) To reduce visibility to predators
C) To increase their chance of attracting a mate
D) To conserve energy

A

C) To increase their chance of attracting a mate

85
Q

According to the passage, what is the main reason females choose a mate based on certain traits?
A) To demonstrate their own fitness
B) To perpetuate their genetic traits
C) To increase their social status
D) To reduce the risk of predation

A

B) To perpetuate their genetic traits

86
Q

Which species mentioned in the passage has sexual selection favored males with larger tails?
A) Male pheasants
B) Indian peacock
C) Bulwer’s pheasant
D) African long-tailed widowbird

A

D) African long-tailed widowbird

87
Q

In intersexual selection, what factor drives females to choose mates with certain traits?
A) Desire for companionship
B) Desire for physical strength
C) Desire to minimize competitions
D) Desire to perpetuate certain genetic traits

A

D) Desire to perpetuate certain genetic traits

BIO 121 (7 decks)

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