MODULE 2.2 Flashcards
1
Q
General Determinants of Land Use (3)
A
- Physical factors
- Social factors
- Economic factors
2
Q
Physical Determinants
A
§ Soil
§ Topography
§ Geology
§ Climate
§ Drainage
3
Q
Physical determinants can serve as one of the considerations for assessing the _____________ or ________________ of land to support certain
uses
A
capability, suitability
4
Q
Considered when the intended use of the land is an input to production process e.g. agriculture, forestry, mining and quarrying, livestock raising
A
physical determinants
5
Q
Land as site or platform (e.g. settlements and urban development), geophysical characteristics of land are important land use considerations (constraint to devt. and entail additional cost)
A
physical determinants
6
Q
affects cost of production, development, laying networks and infrastructure, conveyance of water, drainage and sewerage, and rate of erosion
A
Topography
7
Q
Major topographic features
A
slope, shape, size, position, relief, land cover
8
Q
refers to the gradient of inclination of a surface expressed as the ratio of the vertical rise to the horizontal run, usually expressed in percent; defines relative steepness or flatness of a land surface (e.g. lower slopes – higher suitability)
A
Slope
9
Q
Slope ranges >18%
A
permanent forest
10
Q
Slope ranges 30% slope as the limit
A
urban and agricultural uses
11
Q
Slope ranges 3% minimum
A
drainage and sewage
flow
12
Q
Slope ranges 7% as the maximum
A
road construction
13
Q
important in sitting of certain activities for maximum capture of sunlight, shelter from storms or wind (leeward) or when strong wind velocity is desired
A
aspect
14
Q
refers to the general configuration of the earth’s surface characterized by unevenness or differences in altitudes and slopes; affects the cost of development as leveling or grading may be necessary; some relief features are interesting enough for viewing and are better left untouched
A
relief
15
Q
when the site is relatively isolated and inaccessible, or is located in high elevations, increases development and operating costs; elevation of land defines its climatic regimes (altitude inversely
proportional to temperature – 1,000m rise in altitude, 1 degree C drop in
temperature)
A
position
16
Q
interference in operations e.g. small
irregularly shaped farm lots cannot be easily be subjected to a mechanized farming
A
size and shape
17
Q
cover
A
either in the form of vegetation or rock outcrops can reduce the productivity of the land; natural covers such as full
grown trees or interesting rock formations add value to the land
18
Q
understanding the rock and mineral structure of the earth’s crust is vital in identifying the appropriate land use and determining the intensity of such use
A
geology
19
Q
refers to the different landforms occurring on the surface of the earth
A
geomorphology
20
Q
landforms with a rise in height of not less than 300m, have narrow summits and steep slopes; affect microclimate conditions of an area
A
mountains
21
Q
usually low-lying flat lands with elevations ranging from 0 to 200m; very suitable to a variety of land development but are also susceptible to flooding
A
plains
22
Q
wet spongy lands saturated with water supporting a natural vegetation predominantly of shrubs, trees and grass
A
swamplands or marshes
23
Q
thin upper layer of the surface of the earth composed of a mixture of
fragments of rocks, water, air and organic matter; links the biotic and abiotic; soil properties result from the integrated effect of climate and living matter acting upon parent material as conditioned by relief over long periods of
time
A
soils
24
Q
helps establish the content, chemistry, texture and nutritive contents of any land unit (defines the suitability of soils for all forms of plant life and establish certain limits for their use
A
soil surveys
25
Characteristics of the soil
Texture
Structure
Fertility
26
size of fragments (clay, silt, sand) determines water holding capacity
texture
27
form and shape of particles (e.g. granular to platy) affects root penetration and water infiltration
structure
28
amount of OM present in any given soil is determined by the presence of organisms e.g. N-fixing bacteria and earthworms helps in aeration of the soils
fertility
29
pertains to the subsurface water or aquifer; structure of the subsoil affects the lateral flow (transmissivity) while soil texture affects the vertical flow (permeability or recharge) of the aquifer
hydrogeology
30
Factors affecting aquifer recharge
1. Rainfall intensity
2. Slope of the land
3. Porosity of rock formation
4. Permeability of rock formation
5. Nature of rock strata
6. Presence of vegetation
7. Atmospheric humidity
31
covers a range of factors (e.g. temperature, sunlight, precipitation,
humidity, wind velocity and atmospheric pressure) influencing the physical and
biological processes; it also sets the limits for plant and animal life and regulate many of man’s activities
climate
32
two major categories of climate
macro-climate
micro-climate
33
refers to the meteorological conditions and patterns over a large or regional area; affected by physical conditions such as mountains, ocean currents, prevailing winds and latitude
macro-climate
34
refers to the meteorological conditions found within small spaces or local areas; small variations are usually caused by slope, orientation of the ground surface, soil type, moisture and vegetation (type
and height)
micro-climate
35
in land use planning, the understanding of _________________ are essential
climatic factors
36
For agriculture, ________________ are entirely dependent on the climate
cropping patterns
37
Land capability is used in a number of land classification systems, notably that of the _________________________________
Soil Conservation Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture
38
soil mapping units are grouped
primarily on the basis of their capability to produce common cultivated crops and pasture plants without deterioration over a long period of time
in the USDA system
39
inherent capacity of land to perform at a given level for a general use, while
suitability as a statement of the adaptability of a given area for a specific kind of land use
capability
40
classification of land primarily in
relation to degradation hazards, whilst some regard the terms "___________" and "capability" as interchangeable
suitability
41
lands are very good agricultural lands with level to nearly level (0-3% slope), deep soil, well-drained and with high natural fertility.
class a
42
lands have slight limitations in use like drainage or excess water, soil and erosion problem due to slightly sloping relief from 3-8%.
class b
43
lands are moderately good lands that should be cultivated with intensive conservation practices like contour tillage, terracing, cover cropping, on account of sloping to rolling relief of 8-18% slope.
class c
44
lands are fairly good lands but require careful management and complex conservation practices like terracing, contour tillage and cover cropping.
class d
45
lands are level to nearly level but too stony or too wet for cultivation.
class l
46
lands are steep with slopes of 30-50% may be severely eroded or too shallow for cultivation.
class m
47
Suited only to pasture or forest
use with careful management.
class m
48
This land is limited to pasture or forest use with careful management.
class l
49
This land is rolling, strongly with 18-30% slope, good for limited cultivation but is best suited to permanent tree crops.
class d
50
This land class can be cultivated safely to clean-tilled or row crops with simple but good farming practices
class a
51
This land can be cultivated safely to clean-tilled crops provided easily applied conservation practices like contour tillage and cover cropping are practiced
class b
52
The limitations may be erosion, excess water or soil condition.
class c
53
lands are very steep with more than 50% slopes, too shallow, rough or dry for cultivation and are best suited to forest use with careful management
class n
54
lands are wetlands that cannot be economically drained
class x
55
These include mangrove swamps and marshes
class x
56
lands are suited for fishponds or for recreational uses or are simply conserved for their aesthetic value.
class x
57
lands are very hilly, mountainous, barren and rugged
class y
58
This class includes badlands, river wash areas and sand dunes.
class y
59
lands should be reforested if trees are found to survive in these areas.
class y
60
this concept is often used interchangeably with that of capability
suitability class
61
pertains to the ability of a particular land
mapping unit (LMU) to support a general activity type say cultivated crops while suitability is assessed with respect to a
specific crop
capability
62
basic rules for broad agricultural uses (from broadscale mapping classes are I to VIII
land capability
63
subject to local interpretation (classes are A-D)
agricultural land classification
64
specific rules for cropping systems (from detailed mapping classes are 1-5)
land suitability
65
explicit assessment (suitable for 4 or more crops, classes are yes/no)
versatile cropping lands
66
Local Government Area (LGA) based and subject to interpretation (based on agricultural land classification - classes a-b, with class c possibly included depending on the LGA)
good quality agricultural land
67
Land Capability Class
A, B, C, D, L, M, N, X&Y
68
Factors considered in the evaluation of the costs and benefits of alternative uses to arrive at a highest and best use for a particular parcel of land
economic determinants
69
Explains some landowner’s decision to defer utilization of their land in anticipation of future windfall benefits
economic determinants
70
benefits of land use
* varied and mostly expressed in terms of money value that the product of such utilization will fetch in the market
* true for all market and considers the land as direct input to production process
* land as site: accruing on account of its location
* general increase in land value as a result of its use e.g. land improvements
71
benefits of land use: estimated value of mineral deposits
mining and quarry
72
capital and labor (cost of land development under economic determinants)
direct outlays
73
operating and maintenance costs, depreciation allowances for improvements, interest payments on borrowed capital and land property taxes (cost of land development under economic determinants)
recurrent costs
74
social returns and satisfaction foregone while the development is in progress e.g. inconveniences suffered by pioneering settlers in the early stages of resettlement (cost of land development under economic determinants)
social costs
75
pertains to the increase in the cost of holding property in its present state (often in lower uses than those
justified by current market conditions) when it is ripe (real or imagined) for higher use e.g. agriculture land in neighboring residential sites | (cost of land development under economic determinants)
ripening costs
76
Decisions on land use are largely influenced by the owner’s perception of the _________________ and ________________
higher, best use
77
People are naturally inclined to make first use of the land with the _________________________
highest use capacity
78
Should additional land be needed, use of land of lower use capacity at a higher
development and production cost may be resorted to as long as there is assurance that __________________________________ or that society is willing
to __________________________________
buyers are willing to pay the market price
subsidize the cost of such development
79
an abstract word with many acceptable definitions; the relationship between an object desired and a potential buyer of
that object; can also be defined as the present worth of future benefits arising from the ownership of the real property
value (under economic determinants)
80
Characteristics of a property to have value in the real market
Utility
Scarcity
Effective demand
Transferability
81
capacity to satisfy human needs or desires (characteristics of a property to have value in the real market)
utility
82
the demand is greater than the supply (characteristics of a property to have value in the real market)
scarcity
83
need or desire for possession or ownership that is backed up by the financial means to satisfy that need (characteristics of a property to have value in the real market)
effective demand
84
relative ease with which the transfer of rights of ownership from one person to another can be affected (characteristics of a property to have value in the real market)
transferability
85
estimated price based on an analysis of comparable sales and other pertinent market data
market value
86
what property actually sells for, its selling price
market price
87
market value vs cost
* Often are equal e.g. improvements on the property are new and represent the highest and best use of the land
* Rush sale leads to lower market value than the actual costs of construction
88
some economic principles of valuation of property
- highest and best use
- substitution
- anticipation
- change
- balance
- competition
- conformity
- consistent use
- increasing and decreasing returns
- contribution
- progression and regression
- supply and demand
89
refers to the most profitable use to which the property is adapted and needed or that use is likely to be in demand in the reasonable future e.g. parking lot to office space
highest and best use
90
maximum value of a property tends to be set by the costs of purchasing an equally desirable and valuable substitute property, assuming that no costly delay is encountered in making the substitution
substitution
91
value can increase or decrease in anticipation of some future use or detriment affecting the property e.g. lot property with rumors of situated in a subsiding land
anticipation
92
principle works in conjunction with the one of anticipation
change
93
states that market value is never constant, because economic, social and institutional forces are at work to change the property and its environment
change
94
property itself is constantly changing e.g. changes in the quality of the soil of a land over time
change
95
dual meaning of balance
- individual property
- neighborhood
96
principle states that maximum market value is reached when the four factors of production attain state of equilibrium – the principle works in conjunction with the principles of contribution, increasing and decreasing returns and surplus productivity
individual property
97
four factors of production
land
labor
capital
management
98
principle states that the maximum value is reached when the complementary uses of the land attain state of equilibrium
neighborhood
99
when substantial profits are being made, _____________ is attracted, meaning excess profits attract competition and that competition often destroys profit
competition
100
maximum market value is reached when a reasonable degree of economic and social homogeneity is expected in the foreseeable future
conformity
101
property must be valued with single use for the entire property, it is improper to value a property on the basis of one use for the land and another use for the improvements
consistent use
102
improvements to land and structures will
eventually reach a point at which they will have no effect on property values
increasing and decreasing returns
103
if money spent on such improvements produces an increase in income or value, the law of increasing returns is applicable;
increasing and decreasing returns
104
where additional improvements will not produce a proportionate increase in income or value, the law of diminishing returns applies
increasing and decreasing returns
105
value of any component of a property consists of what its addition contributes to the value of the whole or what its absence detracts from that value
contribution
106
indicate that the value of a lesser object is enhanced by association with better objects of the same type e.g. 250K
house among 750K homes would probably bring a higher market price
(progression)
progression and regression
107
states that when there are dissimilar
properties within the same general classification and in the same area, the
better property will be adversely affected by those of lesser quality
regression principle
108
value of property will increase if the supply decreases and the demand either increases or remains constant and vice versa
supply and demand
109
Factors affecting demand and supply of property
- increase or decrease in population
- changes in the age distribution of population
- changes in proportion of married couples to single people
- changes in fashion and taste
- changes in fashionableness of areas
- changes in type of society
- changes in technology
- changes in building methods
- changes in money supply
- changes in means of communication
- planning controls
110
Formula of General land value
Land value =
(Aggregate Gross Revenues) – (Total Cost Expected)/
Capitalization Rate
111
the expected aggregate net annual return on the land expressed as a percentage of the annual rate at which the investment is estimated to be amortized annually
General land value
112
interrelated with the pattern of land uses and with land use intensifies
General land value
113
Gross revenues components
1. Investor’s expectation of the size of the market
2. The income spent for various urban services within the market
3. The urban area’s competitive pull
4. The supply of competitive urban land
5. The prospective investment in public improvements
114
Total costs components
1. Local property taxes
2. Operating cost
3. Interest on capital invested in %
4. Depreciation allowances for those improvements
115
Capitalization rates
1. Interest rates
2. Allowances for anticipated risks
3. Expectations concerning capital gains
116
Urban Land Value
V = f (P, A, T, U, H)
Where;
V – value of a particular urban site
P – accessibility to economic activities
A – existing amenities
T – topography
U – present land future use
H – historical factors that affect its utilization
117
relative ease with which the site occupant can reach other activity areas in the city
accessibility value
118
subjectively perceived pleasantness of the environment in which the site is located
amenity value
119
natural characteristics of the site like slope, elevation, soil structure – affects both the amenity value and development cost
topography
120
existing and desired use of the area where the site is located, as reflected in the current land use map and zoning map (usually categorized into residential, commercial, industrial, institutional, agricultural, open space)
utilization
121
succession of past land uses of the site and of the area; indicated whether existing use is still appropriate or is no
longer suitable
historical factors
122
Not considered consciously and rationally by individuals when making decisions as to the use of their land
social determinants
123
Factors that influence individual and collective actions
social determinants
124
Social determinants are classified into:
- social values
- customs and traditions
- property ownership patterns
- government policies
125
views and convictions that motivate
behavior resulting in certain organized forms of action by individuals or groups
values
126
derived from customs, traditions and cultural biases and influence people’s attitudes towards land and the uses to which land is put
social values, customs and traditions
127
Some customs and traditions that influence patterns of land utilization in the Philippines
- dietary habits
- strong family ties and its extensions, extended families
- "Hiya"
- influence and religious belief
128
reluctance of landowners to transfer title to their heirs while the former are still alive results to difficulties in determining the ownership once they are dead
Hiya
129
settlements are oriented to the
mosque and many of the land use activities can be explained by their religious practice
Muslim areas
130
Size of landholding and social status of the landowner usually affect the what?
type of land use to which the land is devoted
131
Growing social consensus for recognition of old ________________________
pattern characteristics of the tenure system in ancestral domains
“communal ownership”
132
What is the law that states customary ownerships of land by ethnic community
RA 8371: Indigenous Peoples Rights Act of 1987 -IPRA
133
most common basic rights and limitation impose by government
- surface right
- productivity right
- development right
- pecuniary right
- restrictive right
- disposal right
134
permits a landowner to enjoy the current use of his land, a right which can only be enjoyed within the limits set by the CLUP and zoning ordinance
surface right
135
allows the owner to make a profit from the current use of his land, a right which is controlled through taxation
productivity right
136
allows the owner to improve his land in the best possible way he knows but this right can be limited by land use planning
and zoning
development right
137
enables the land owner to benefit from development value, both
actual and anticipated. The control over this particular right has formed the subject matter for the unearned increment or windfall debates in most societies where the institution of private property is recognized and preserved.
pecuniary right
138
right of the owner not to develop the land, and which again can be
the subject of the idle lands tax
restrictive right
139
allows the owner to sell or will his land to others, a right which is being eroded by various forms of taxation such as the donor’s tax, capital gains tax
disposal right
140
____________________________ over the land. Land is not given to a single individual. It is given to the community and the community has obligations to take care of it. Whatever fruit a person may reap from its bounty, he has to share with the community especially to those who are most in need.
No individuals can claim ownership
141
The land is the ___________ of the people’s existence. The spring of its bounty is
the source of their livelihood. Without it people will die.
source
142
Land is where their ancestors lived, and where they are ________. As such, land is very ___________ for it is where the spirits of the ancestors roam. Their ancestors help them take care of the land.
buried, sacred
143
Ownership claim by individuals is by ________________. Therefore, one’s claim is
lost through __________________.
virtue of use, disuse or misuse
144
Real property taxes represent an _________________________ and can be used to force lands into more intensive uses
annual levy against land ownership
145
can be used by government to acquire property from owners who are unwilling
to sell
power of eminent domain
146
can be used to protect property rights, prevent frauds and force individual land owners to comply with public health and safety standards, building codes, subdivision regulations and zoning ordinances
exercise of sovereign or public power of the State
