Module 2: Skeletal Muscle Support Systems Flashcards
How many Skeletal Muscles does a human body has?
A. < 560
B. < 520
C. > 640
C. > 640
Human body contains >640 Skeletal Muscles
What is the name of muscle fibers that located at calf?
A. Bipennate
B. Fusiform
C. Unipennate
C. Unipennate
Which 2 muscles fibers are oriented transversely to the long axis of the muscle?
A. Unipennate & Multipennate
B. Bipennate & Multipennate
C. Unipennate & Bipennate
B. Bipennate & Multipennate
What is the name if the muscle fibers that located at Quads?
A. Multipennate
B. Bipennate
C. Unipennate
B. Bipennate
What are the 2 types of muscle classification?
Type I
Type II
What is Type I muscle fibers?
> Called as slow twitch muscle fibers
Smaller in diameter
Takes about 110 milliseconds to twitch
More mitochondrial, myoglobin & capillaries than Type II
Suitable for aerobic sport, oxygen dependent & energy metabolism
Fatigue resistant
What is Type II muscle fibers?
> Called as Fast twitch, twitch in 50 milliseconds
Larger in diameter
Produce more myosin ATPase than Type I
Efficient in anaerobic or oxygen-independent sports
Less fatigue resistant than Type I
Rich in enzyme to breakdown glycogen
Further sub-categorize into Type IIa Type X
What are the Characteristics for Muscle Fibers Types?
- Force production
- Fatigue resistance
- Mitochondrial density
- Capillary density
- Contraction speed
- Endurance Capacity
- Glycolytic Capacity
- Oxidative Capacity
For active individuals, how many percentage do they have pure muscle?
80 - 90%
Which Postural muscle contain more Type I fibers?
Soleus muscle (lower calf) & Tibias Anterior (shin) are mostly Type I fibers
For non-postural muscle, which muscle are contain more Type II fibers?
Rectus femoris (thigh) & Tricep Brachia (upper arm) tend to be more Type II muscle fibers
What type of fiber muscle does Endurance athlete would be using more often?
Type I
Which Muscle actions that are contract while lengthening muscular tension less than resistance?
A. Concentric
B. Eccentric
C. Isometric
B. Eccentric
What kind of actions does muscle react when the muscle contacts while shortening muscular tension more than resistance?
A. Concentric
B. Eccentric
C. Isometric
A. Concentric
Which structural filaments thinner, 6nm in diameter and having 900 filaments at sarcomere?
A. Actin
B. Myosin
A. Actin
What is the structure of Myosin filament?
Thick, 16nm and having 450 filaments in the middle of each sarcomeres
What is Thermodynamics?
Energy is neither created nor destroyed ; it transforms from one state to another without being used up
What are the 6 interchangeable energy state?
- Chemical
- Heat
- Electrical
- Mechanical
- Light
- Nuclear
What is Bioenergetics?
The flow of energy within a living system
How does Energy transfer occurs?
Energy transfer occurs hrough chemical reactions utilizing a mixture of nutrients and the use of oxygen
What are the biologic functions for Energy Extraction?
- Muscular activity
- Digestion, absorption, transport, assimilation of food nutrients
- Glandular secretion for hormones
- Maintenance of electrochemical gradients across cell membranes
- Tissue Synthesis (ex: muscle protein synthesis)
What is ATP?
Compound that is directly used to fuel many chemical reactions and many biological functions
What happen when a degradation of one mole of ATP to ADP?
The outermost phosphate bond splits off and liberates 7.3 kcal of free energy
ATP Powers many Biologic functions, what are they?
- Digestion
- Circulation
- Muscle contraction
- Tissue synthesis
- Nerve conduction
- Glandular secretion
Other than food source we can recharge ATP, what else could do it?
Phosphatecreatine
Can give us ADP to recharge ATP
What is the benefits of Creatine Monohydrate?
- Increasing high-intensity exercise capacity
- Lean body mass during training
- Muscle uptake
What does Skeletal Muscle energy systems for?
For physical activities, recovery and adaptive process such as Muscle Protein Synthesis & tissue repair for broke down tissue
What is Power Stroke?
In the presence of Calcium Iron (Ca2), myosin can form a bridge with actin and pull it towards the center of the sarcomere.
What is being used for Muscle fibers to produce high-energy phosphate molecules?
Carbohydrates, Fatty Acids & Amino Acids
Where does muscle contractions comes from?
Food.
Carbs, fatty acids, amino acids
What is the nutrient that must have for myosin & actin to occur repeatedly?
A. Magnesium
B. Amino acids
C. Calcium
C. Calcium
What are the metabolic pathways that responsible to generate ATP?
- Glycolysis
- Fatty acids oxidation
- Oxidation of certain amino acids
What makes ATP depleted quickly?
High intensity exercise
What is the Anaerobic mechanism for ATP generation?
Creatine Phosphate
Glycolysis to lactic acid (anaerobic glycolysisl
Adenylyl kinase (myokinase)
What is the role of Creatine Phosphate in muscle fibers?
- Kick start for the 1st few seconds of the activity.
- Regenarate ATP during very intense exercise
- Transfer phosphate to ADP to recharge / replenish ATP
Where does the Creatine Phosphate produce from?
CP in muscle fibers is produced in mitochondria and used cytosol to associate with sarcomeres.
Which one is the enzyme that responsible for utilisation & reformation of Creatine Phosphate?
A. Creatine kinase
B. Myokinase
C. ATPase
A. Creatine Kinase
What is the role of Anaerobic Glycolysis?
- To transform the Glucose to lactic acid during high intensity & short duration exercise
- ATP regeneration kicks in when CP is depleted.
What is the production of Lactic acid?
- Convert back to glucose in liver
- Fuel for the heart & skeletal muscle
- The higher intensity the more lactic acid gonna produce
What is Adenylyl Kinase for in muscle fibers?
Helps to convert ADP & AMP back to ATP. So that ATP is replenished during intense exercise.
What is Aerobic Formation for mechanism in ATP generation?
It require oxygen dependent & involve with Electron Transport Chain (ETC) in Mitochondria & Oxidative Phosphorylation
What is the ETC & Phosphorylation in Aerobic ATP formation?
It’s a series of carrier proteins in Mitochondria that pass electrons along their length to generate energy to reattach P to ADP, to recharge ATP
What are the Aerobic energy system?
- Pyruvate metabolism from glycolysis
- Beta-oxidation of fatty acids
- Oxidation of amino acids
Which muscle will be the 1st one recruited first when exercise?
Type I muscle fibers
