MODULE 2 (SET C) Flashcards
Proteins are involved in nearly every biological process
-catalyzing biochemical reactions
-regulating biochemical process
-transporting molecules across cell membranes
self-induced movement of the cell
motility
process by which a protein structure assumes its functional shape or conformation
PROTEIN FOLDING
TRUE OR FALSE: All protein molecules are heterogenous unbranched chains of amino acids.
TRUE
process by which a polypeptide chain folds to become a biologically active protein in its native 3D structure
PROTEIN FOLDING
refers to the linear sequence of amino acid residues in the polypeptide chain
PRIMARY STRUCTURE
generated by formation of hydrogen bonds between atoms in the polypeptide backbone, which folds the chains into either alpha helices or beta-sheets
SECONDARY STRUCTURE
folding of the secondary structure sheets or helices into one another; geometric shape of the protein; usually has a polypeptide chain as a backbone, with one or more secondary structures
TERTIARY STRUCTURE
determined by the interactions and bonding of the amino acid side chains in the protein
TERTIARY STRUCTURE
Folded amino acid chains in tertiary structures interacting further with each other to a functional protein such as hemoglobin or DNA polymerase
TERTIARY STRUCTURE
external factors influencing protein folding
electric and magnetic field
temperature
pH
chemicals
space limitation
molecular crowding
Apolar side chains
no charge
TRUE OR FALSE: Apolar surfaces disappear from the surface when the protein folds.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: Misfolded proteins do not immediately denature and lose their structure and function.
FALSE; it happens easily
Diseases related to incorrect protein folding
Alzheimer’s disease
Huntington’s disease
Parkinson’s disease
Cystic Fibrosis
branch of biophysics that studies the physics of energy flow in living organisms; How organisms and cells obtain the energy they need to carry out biological processes
BIOENERGETICS
Cellular processes such as the binding and breaking down of complex molecules occur through
STEPWISE CHEMICAL REACTIONS
all the chemical reactions that take place inside cells
CELL’S METABOLISM
Photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O + solar energy = C6H12O6 + 6O2
Cellular respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
describe how energy behaves in physical systems, biological or otherwise
Laws of Thermodynamics
Energy cannot be created nor destroyed
First law of thermodynamics
It states that in a closed system, the orderliness of the system can never increase but can only decrease over time.
Second law of thermodynamics
TRUE OR FALSE: Organisms follow the same laws of physics found in the nonliving universe.
TRUE
measure of randomness or disorder within a system
entropy
High entropy means _____________ disorder and ______________ energy
high; low
energy will always be lost as heat in energy transfers or transformations
Second law of Thermodynamics
