MODULE 2 Flashcards
also called as biochemical physics, physical biochemistry, or biophysical chemistry.
MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOPHYSICS
deals with determining the structure, size and shape of biological molecules
Molecular and Subcellular Biophysics
molecules and ions present in organisms that are essential to one or more typically biological processes, such as cell division, morphogenesis, or development
Biomolecule or Biological Molecule
the processes vital for a living organism to live
BIOLOGICAL PROCESS
biomolecules that are organic compounds
C, H, O, N
proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acid
large macromolecules (polyanions)
commonly created by polymerization of small subunits (monomers)
large macromolecules
composed of thousand atoms or more
large macromolecules
most common macromolecules in biochemistry
biopolymers and large non-polymeric
primary metabolites, secondary metabolites and natural products
small molecules
low molecular weight organic compound that may regulate a biological process, with a size on the order of 1 nm
small molecules
Hierarchical Structure of Biomolecule
Atom - Residue - Chain - Biomolecule
large molecule made by connecting together many smaller molecules
Polymer
each of the smaller molecules
residue (monomer)
where the residues have something in common but are not identical
Biopolymers (biological polymers)
Proteins are made by linking together smaller molecules called
amino acids
what is this monomer that provide material to build cell membrane; quick energy for cells?
monosaccharides
it helps provide structure; aid in muscle movement; provide immunity
amino acids
contains genetic information; directs growth and development
Nucleotides
store energy; cushion and insulate organs; material used for cell membrane
Glycerol (backbone) Fatty acids
specifies the atoms or groups of atoms making up a molecule and the order in which they are connected to one another
Primary structure
refers to the initial, simple, three-dimensional structure of molecule
SECONDARY STRUCTURE
a secondary structure, such as a helix or pleated sheet, can fold back on itself and form globular shape
Tertiary Structure
refers to the case where two or more tertiary shapes attach to one another to form an even larger molecule or complex
QUATERNARY STRUCTURE
TRUE OR FALSE: All biomolecules exhibit all four levels of structure.
FALSE, NOT ALL BIOMOLECULES (SIMPLE SUGARS AND AMINO ACIDS)
TRUE OR FALSE: Polymers are produced only by living organisms.
TRUE
What links the small molecules together?
peptide bond
sequence of a chain of amino acids
Primary structure
hydrogen bonding of the peptide backbone causes the amino acids to fold into a repeating pattern
Secondary structure
three-dimensional folding pattern of a protein due to side chain interactions
Tertiary structure
protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain
Quaternary structure
TRUE OR FALSE: Structure and shape of biomolecules are involved in its biological function.
TRUE
particular part of a molecule is involved in carrying out its function
Active site
TRUE OR FALSE: It is not possible for a molecule to have more than one active site.
FALSE, IT IS POSSIBLE.
region of an enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo chemical reaction
ACTIVE SITE
Consist of residues that form temporary bonds with the substrate (binding site)
ACTIVE SITE
residues that catalyze a reaction of that substrate
Catalytic site
site that speeds up the process of binding
Catalytic site
means shape or structure
Conformation
change in shape
Conformational transition
change in the shape of a macromolecule, often induced by environmental factors
Conformational change
Factors that may induce conformational changes include
temperature, pH, voltage, light in chromophores, ion concentration, phosphorylation, or the binding of a ligand
Biophysical techniques used to study macromolecular conformational change
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
NMR
ELECTRONPARAMAGNETIC RESONANCE (EPR)
Circular Dichroism
Hydrogen exchange
FLUORESCENCE RESONANCE ENERGY TRANSFER
TRUE OR FALSE: the DNA double helix must temporarily unwind in order for the genetic instructions to be read or in order for the DNA to replicate itself for the next generation.
TRUE
Spike proteins of SARS-COV-2 are known to exhibit ______________
open and closed conformations
