MODULE 2 (SET B) Flashcards
Each individual molecule in the complex
subunits
large complex protein that carries oxygen from our lungs, through our blood, to the cells in our body
hemoglobin
hemoglobin is made up of ______________________ that bind together
four subunit proteins
hemoglobin consists of protein subunits
globin molecules
smaller molecule or atom that binds to a larger molecule
ligand
TRUE OR FALSE: When oxygen binds to hemoglobin, the oxygen is considered ligand.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: The binding of O2 to the heme changes the whole structure of hemoglobin.
TRUE
Two major conformations of hemoglobin/ states of hemoglobin
T-state and R-state
studies how molecules move around within cells and how molecules move from outside a cell to inside a cell and vice versa
Diffusion and Molecular Transport
process of molecules spreading out, as a result of random motion
Diffusion
Molecules move from a region of ___________________________
higher concentration to lower concentration
studying ligand binding seek to measure and understand
forces and energy;
interaction between multiple binding sites;
how changes to the molecules affect binding;
relationship between binding and conformational transition;
relationship between binding and biological function;
competition between the different ligands; rate at which binding occurs
primary means of molecules moving around within a cell
Diffusion
movement of substances like ions, atoms, and molecules from an area of their higher concentration to lower concentration without the involvement of any other molecules like a carrier protein
Simple Diffusion
It is a natural phenomenon where the particles move along a concentration gradient in a solution through a semipermeable membrane to attain equilibrium on both sides
Simple Diffusion
passive transport and no energy expenditure
Simple Diffusion
cannot be inhibited by an inhibitor molecule because of the absence of carrier proteins
Simple Diffusion
non-specific to any particle
Simple Diffusion
slow process
Simple Diffusion
Examples of Simple Diffusion
Gas Exchange; Absorption of Nutrients
a type of diffusion occurring in living cells where the molecules move from the region of their higher concentration to lower concentration guided by a helper protein molecule
Facilitated Diffusion
Usually an integral membrane protein that forms a pore or channel in the cell membrane
helper protein
passive transport mechanism and requires no energy
Facilitated Diffusion
spontaneous process in which charged ions or molecules are transported across the lipid-based cell membrane via a carrier transmembrane protein molecule
Facilitated Diffusion
selective process, allowing only selective molecules and ions to pass, denying others
Facilitated Diffusion
random motion of molecules
Brownian Motion
transports large charged ions, small molecules, proteins, and other solutes
Facilitated Diffusion
Examples of Facilitated Diffusion
Transport of glucose with glucose transporter
Passage of water across the lipid bilayer (aquaporins)
Selective transport of ions (ion channels)
Factors affecting the motion of molecules
Temperature
Concentration
Distance
Size of the Molecules
main components that make up all cell membranes
lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates
limit and control the movement of molecules into and out of the cell and from one region of the cell to another
Membranes
hollow spheres of artificial membrane that can be made from various types of lipids
Lipid Vesicles
branch of biophysics that studies the physics of DNA and RNA
DNA and Nucleic Acid Biophysics
can act on its own as a catalyst for certain chemical reactions
RNA
what is the function of the double-helix in DNA?
helps protect the genetic code from damage
proteins surrounding the DNA also confer
additional protection against enzymatic attack
is the biochemical that makes up our genes and controls our physical heredity
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
the helix of a helix is called
superhelix
the process of forming a superhelix in DNA
supercoiling
Supercoiling of double helix is a
tertiary structure
DNA superhelix wraps itself around protein complexes known as histones
quaternary structure
long-term storage for genetic information; transmission of genetic information to make other cells and new organisms
DNA
directly codes for amino acids and act as a messenger between DNA and ribosomes to make proteins
RNA
B-form double helix; double stranded molecule consisting a long chain of nucleotides
DNA
A-form helix; single stranded helix consisting of shorter chains of nucleotides
RNA
DNA components
deoxyribose sugar
phosphate backbone
Adenine- Thymine
Guanine -Cytosine
RNA components
ribose sugar
phosphate backbone
Adenine- Uracil
Guanine - Cytosine
bonds that make DNA stable, and destroys enzymes that would attack DNA
C-H bonds
serve as protection, providing minimal space for enzymes to attach
small grooves
bonds in the ribose of RNA that makes the molecule more reactive; unstable under alkaline conditions
O-H bonds
it makes the molecule susceptible to enzyme attack
large grooves
TRUE OR FALSE: RNA is susceptible to UV damage.
FALSE
TRUE OR FALSE: Compared with DNA, RNA is relatively resistant to UV damage.
TRUE
deoxygenated Hb, low affinity state
T- state
oxygenated Hb, high affinity state
R-state
structural transition of hemoglobin
T-state to R-state
